Dooring

Dooring is a traffic collision in which a cyclist rides into a car door or is struck by a car door that was opened quickly without checking the side mirror for cyclists. The width of the door zone in which this can happen varies, depending upon the model of car one is passing. The zone can be almost zero for a vehicle with gull-wing doors or much larger for a truck. Dooring can happen when a driver has parked and is exiting their vehicle, or when passengers are exiting from cars, taxis and ride shares into the path of an oncoming bicyclist.


Many countries are aligned with the Vienna convention which states: «It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users.» (Article 24 — Opening of doors).[1]

Most areas have laws that require car users to check for cyclists before opening the door of their vehicle,[2][3] but there have been serious injuries and deaths caused by drivers illegally opening their doors in the path of a passing cyclist where this is prohibited by law.

Many areas have laws may be interpreted as requiring cyclists to ride in the door zone, meaning they may expose themselves to danger in order to keep out of the way of motorized traffic. These laws typically have exceptions; avoiding hazards, such as an open door, is sometimes among them.

The problem lies with avoiding this 5 feet (1.5 m) zone, which should be part of the parking zone, when there is a bike lane or the perception by law enforcement or motorists that one should be riding their bike out of the travel lane to not impede faster motorized traffic. In most jurisdictions, a cyclist is considered a driver/operator of a vehicle afforded the same rights as the driver of a motor vehicle; however, in some jurisdictions cyclists are further restricted by laws such as "ride as far right as practicable." From a cyclist's point of view, "practicable" includes safety, and safety is noted in many of these laws through exceptions; however, many law enforcement, judges, motoring public and even cyclists stop reading at "as far right." Most motor travel lanes adjacent to a bike lane are only 10–11 feet (3.0–3.4 m) wide, so if a cyclist has to use that lane to avoid hazards in the bike lane, it is too narrow to safely share with passing traffic and he/she should ride in a "lane-control" method as is allowed by most of these ordinances.[4]

Avoidance

Education

Because it is rarely possible to see and react safely to a suddenly opening door, traffic cycling educational programs teach cyclists to ride in the travel lane outside of the door zone.

Dutch Reach

Dutch Reach - Use far hand when opening car door

Motorists and passengers[5][6] - both front and rear - can make dooring less likely by practicing the "Dutch Reach" - opening the car door by reaching across the body with the more distant hand.[5][7]

Reaching across turns one's upper body and head outward. It encourages drivers and front passengers to use the side wing mirror, [8] look out to the side and then over one’s shoulder to scan for traffic before opening.[9] Once the door is partly opened, as one leans out one's over-the-shoulder view is now clear, no longer limited by side pillar (car) or door frame. [10][11]As a further safe-guard against dooring, reaching across curbs wide, sudden opening. [12]

Even as the maneuver is becoming known elsewhere as the "Dutch Reach", in Holland driving instructors and driving school companies refer to it by description and not by a name.[13][14]

The far hand move is not literally specified by Dutch traffic code to pass the safe parking section of the road test. Rather, Dutch regulations for licensing set two standards to ensure safe exiting of vehicles to protect vulnerable road users, viz: Articles 4e and 6a.[15] [16] As fewer than half of applicants pass the examination on first attempt, [17] Dutch instructors teach the far hand maneuver as most assured to demonstrate safe exiting on the road test.[18][13][14] That said, alternative exiting measures may also suffice in modern, bicycle friendly Netherlands.[19] But evidence for such left or near hand instruction awaits documentation.

The reach method is likely less practiced by Dutch motorists today than in the 1960s-1980s when Dutch road fatalities numbered in the thousands[20] and prompted the Stop the Kindermoord protest movement[21][22] to end the carnage. Anecdotal reports date the 'reach across' practice to that era. Since then bicycling in The Netherlands is much safer. Innovative and extensive infrastructure improvements, separate and protected cycle tracks,[23] strict driver education and testing, popular use of bicycles for daily transport and dedication to road safety,[19] all contributed to its dramatic decline in road injuries and fatalities.

As noted above, the far hand technique does not have a Dutch name, but in 2016 an American physician in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, coined the term to promote[24] the Dutch method which was little known in the United States.[7][25][26] The “Dutch Reach” coinage reflects that the method was common to The Netherlands before being 'imported' to the U.S. It was described as a Dutch road safety measure in the American mainstream press in 2011 by the New York Times [27] and the Boston Globe in 2013[19]

The method can be traced beyond northern Europe starting in the 2010s. From 2011 to 2016 several bicycle advocacy organizations and road safety agencies in the United States, Canada and Australia added advisories or launched anti-dooring campaigns which included or featured the far hand countermeasure. In New Haven, CT it was variously called the "Amsterdam", "European cities’" or “reach-across” method (2013).[28] In Fort Collins, CO it became the “Opposite Hand Trick” (2014).[29] However the tip remained nameless in San Francisco, CA (2015); [30] Montreal (2014),[31] and Vancouver (2016),[32] Canada; New Zealand (2015)[33]; and Victoria, Australia (2012).[34] In Australia two slogans have emerged to prompt the habit: "Lead with your left"[35] [origin uncertain]; and "Always Cross Check",[36] devised by a road safety organization.

Considerable international interest in the term and method followed its coinage, suggesting that the far hand method was or remained little known across the globe. Press, electronic media and internet news coverage about the Dutch Reach method have since occurred in Canada,[37] United Kingdom,[38] Austria,[39] Australia,[40] Belgium,[41] Brazil,[42] China,[43] Finland,[44] France,[45] Germany,[46] Greece,[47] Hong Kong, Hungary,[48] India, Ireland,[49] Italy,[50] Japan,[51] Korea,[52] Poland,[53] New Zealand,[54] South Africa,[55] Spain,[56] Sweden,[57] Switzerland,[58] Taiwan,[59], The Netherlands,[60][61] and the United States of America.[25]

In early 2017 the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (UK) endorsed the Dutch Reach as the recommended road safety practice to avoid dooring collisions.[62] In May 2017 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (USA) introduced the Dutch Reach far hand method into its 2017 Revised Driver's Manual, Chapter 4, Rules of the Road,[6] as best practice for safe exiting of vehicles.[63] Immediately thereafter the League of American Bicyclists called for its adoption nationally, in addition to safe infrastructure improvements and cyclist vigilance and door zone avoidance.[64] Other governments are now adding the 'reach' to driver's manuals and education, taxi and for-hire ridesharing regulations, and road safety campaigns. Examples include: State of Illinois[65]; South Australia[66]; Washington D.C.[67]; City of London Corporation[68]; Berlin, Germany[69]; and Burbank, CA[70]

To date, it appears that the scientific safety literature is silent on the relative merits or flaws of near hand versus far hand egress from vehicles. However a paper submitted for the 7th International Cycling Safety Conference [71] in 2018, suggests one such study may be forthcoming.[72]

Automated systems

At least one auto-parts supplier has developed an automatic detection system to prevent or warn the user before opening the car door if a bicycle is approaching.[73].

Prevalence

Narrow bike lane concept intended to avoid door zone

It is difficult to find statistics on the incidence of door zone fatalities, serious injuries, and collisions as the type of accident is often not recorded consistently from city to city. However, an analysis of Chicago bike crashes found that there were 344 reported dooring crashes reported in 2011, for a rate of 0.94 doorings per day. Doorings made up 19.7% of all reported bike crashes. The number of additional doorings that occurred without being reported is unknown.[74]

Collisions

In Toronto, "motorist opens door in path of cyclist" collisions were 11.9% of all reported car/bike collisions in 2003.[75] Eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists in London in 2007 were caused by cyclists swerving to avoid opening car doors.[76] In the Australian state of Victoria between 2006 and 2010, car door openings caused eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists.[77]

Relative risk

Relative to other collisions such as getting rear ended, getting doored is less risky: "80.04% of those cyclists who were doored were injured, while 94.40% of those in non-dooring crashes were injured."[74] Also, it should be noted that getting doored itself usually is not fatal; rather, most serious door-zone-related injuries are sustained by getting hit by a motor vehicle while swerving to avoid the door. Thus, most deaths and serious injuries occur in the travel lane and not in the door zone.

Fatalities

In New York City, 3% (7 out of 225) of bicyclist fatalities in the ten-year period between 1996 and 2005 were from striking an open door or swerving to avoid one.[78] In London three people were killed in car door opening incidents between 2010 and 2012.[76] In two peer reviewed studies, 124 deaths in London during 1985-1992,[79] and 142 deaths in New Zealand during 1973-1978,[80] none of the fatalities occurred in door opening incidents. While there were 1112 collisions caused by opening doors in the Australian state of Victoria between 2000 and 2010, the first fatality occurred in March 2010.[81]

Bike lanes and door zone incidents

In a comparison of Santa Barbara (without bike lanes) to Davis, California (with bike lanes), 8% of the car-bike collisions in Santa Barbara involved an opening door, whereas Davis had none.[82]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf
  2. ↑ "California Vehicle Code section 22517". California Legislative Information. Retrieved February 13, 2018. No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side available to moving traffic unless it is reasonably safe to do so and can be done without interfering with the movement of such traffic..."
  3. ↑ "Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, Article 24: Opening of doors" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 8 November 1968. Retrieved February 13, 2018. Opening of doors: It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made to do so cannot endanger other road-users.
  4. ↑ "Utah Code 41-6a-1105. Operation of bicycle or moped on and use of roadway — Duties, prohibitions". Lawserver.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018. (vii) A lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane.
  5. 1 2 "What is the Dutch Reach?". Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  6. 1 2 "Chapter 4, Rules of the Road: Laws for Bicyclists and Motorists in the Presence of Bicyclists" (PDF). Commonwealth of Massachusetts Revised 2017 Driver's Manual. p. 109. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  7. 1 2 Annear, Steve (September 8, 2016). "To avoid 'doorings,' cyclist wants drivers to do the 'Dutch Reach'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Addison Lee And Laura Kenny Launch 'Addison Lean' Initiative To Protect Cyclists From 'Car Dooring'". Addison Lee. June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018. manoeuvre involves drivers opening the door with the hand furthest away from the car door, forcing them to lean across and look into their wing mirror
  9. ↑ The World staff (September 27, 2016). "This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists". PRI's The World. Retrieved June 25, 2018. n.b. includes audio interview; article; video demonstration
  10. ↑ MassDOT Dutch Reach - Scan the street for wheels and feet. on YouTube
  11. ↑ "Reduce Risk: Be Alert: Doors Are Dangerous". Cambridge Street Code - Rules & Etiquette for Getting There Together (Report). Massachusetts, USA: City of Cambridge. December 2016. p. 9. Retrieved June 25, 2018. Note: Dutch Reach diagram in Step 3 shows partially opened car door with clear field of vision rearward between door frame and car pillar.
  12. ↑ Siegel, Robert (June 5, 2017). "Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved June 25, 2018. When you use your far hand, you can't fling the door open.
  13. 1 2 "Uitstappen uit de auto, Lesonderdeel Urrstappen". Rijleshulp.NL. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  14. 1 2 "How to do the 'Dutch reach' And how it could save someone's life". BBC News, www.bbc.com. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 4". Overheid NL, Wet- en regelgeving. Overheid NL. December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2018. Artikel 4e. het permanent rekening te houden met (mogelijke) andere weggebruikers, in het bijzonder kwetsbare weggebruikers als voetgangers, fietsers e.d;
  16. ↑ "Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 6". Overheid NL, Wet- en regelgeving. Overheid NL. December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2018. Artikel 6a. het op juiste en veilige wijze in- of uitstappen;
  17. ↑ "Rijschoolgegevens: Amsterdam, Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid". Rijschoolgegevens NL. Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid. March 31, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018. AMSTERDAM Aantal 1e examens: 11.750; Gemiddeld slagingspercentage (1e examen): 41 - 45 %
  18. ↑ "Rijles Rijprocedure B, Instappen – Uitstappen In De Lesauto". Autorij-instructie.nl. Autorij-instructie NL. February 21, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2018. Handelen bij uitstappen en weglopen van de auto…
  19. 1 2 3 Powers, Martine (September 22, 2013). "A cyclist's mecca, with lessons for Boston". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Factsheet: Verkeersdoden in Nederland: Hoe heeft het aantal verkeersdoden in Nederland zich sinds 1950 ontwikkeld?" [Fact Sheet: Traffic deaths in the Netherlands: How did the number of road fataliities in The Netherlands develop since 1950?]. SWOV. 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018. Figures 6 & 7
  21. ↑ Shahan, Zachary (March 19, 2014). "How did bicycling take over the Netherlands?". Treehugger. Retrieved July 13, 2018. In late 1972, a strong “Stop de Kindermoord” (stop the child murder) campaign was started in the Netherlands, aimed at urban planning and legal fixes to transportation design and transportation laws that resulted in many kids being killed by cars (over 400 kids were reportedly killed in one year from automobiles).
  22. ↑ "HOLLAND IN THE 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly". London Cycling Campaign. 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  23. ↑ "HOLLAND IN THE 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly". London Cycling Campaign. 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  24. ↑ The World staff (September 27, 2016). "This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  25. 1 2 Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury (Radio). All Things Considered. National Public Radio. June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Herein reported as first inclusion of 'Dutch Reach' method in a USA state's driver's manual, and introduces it as novel to NPR national audience.
  26. ↑ Bruce, Elyse (January 10, 2017). "Historically Speaking - Dutch Reach". Idiomation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  27. ↑ Shorto, Russell (July 30, 2011). "The Dutch Way: Bicycles and Fresh Bread". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  28. ↑ Macmillan, Thomas (August 5, 2013). "Danger: Drivers Dooring Cyclists". New Haven, CT: New Haven Independent. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Bicycle Friendly Driver Program". City of Fort Collins, CO. 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  30. ↑ Large Vehicle Urban Driving Safety on YouTube
  31. ↑ "Cyclists launch campaign to prevent 'dooring'". Global News. Montreal, Canada. April 5, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Safety campaign aims to help drivers avoid "dooring" people on bikes". HUB Cycling. March 17, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2018. always open your door with your right hand, so you automatically look over your shoulder…
  33. ↑ "About other road users, Sharing the road with cyclists, Common causes of cycle collisions, Opening a vehicle door". Official New Zealand Road Code. NZ Transport Agency, Waka Kotami. May 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2018. Always check carefully for cyclists before you open your door.Using your left hand to open the door will turn your shoulders…
  34. ↑ "Car doors & bike riders, Advice for drivers". VicRoads. Victoria, Australia: Victoria State Government. 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  35. ↑ ABC Radio Melbourne (March 1, 2015). "Brunswick cyclist's car-dooring death a 'wicked waste' and easily avoidable, safety campaigner says". ABC News. ABC. Retrieved July 22, 2018. "It's called 'lead with your left', which makes you turn just enough to see what's coming behind you," she told 774 ABC Melbourne.
  36. ↑ "NRSPP Brochure And Poster – BANG! Car Dooring Of Cyclists". National Road Safety Partnership Program. NRSPP Australia. Retrieved July 22, 2018. Always Cross Check!
  37. ↑ La Haye, Dominique (November 14, 2016). "Le député Joël Lightbound fait la promotion de la "Dutch Reach"". TVA Nouvelles (in French). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  38. ↑ Morris, Hugh (September 11, 2017). "How opening your car door like the Dutch could save someone's life". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  39. ↑ Bernold, Matthias G. (November 2, 2016). "Schutz for Dooring: Türe öffnen mit der anderen Hand". Wiener Zeitung (in German). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  40. ↑ O'Reilly, Michael (January 20, 2017). "How the 'Dutch reach' could help drivers protect cyclists from 'dooring'". Executive Style. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  41. ↑ Sepulchre, Pierre-Benoît (October 15, 2016). "Video: vermijd ongevallen met "The Dutch Reach"!". Vroom.be (in Dutch). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  42. ↑ Freitas, Ana (November 6, 2016). "Como um simples hábito cultural holandês ajuda a salvar vidas de ciclistas no trânsito". Nexo Jornal (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Dutch Reach: a practice to protect bikers from "being doored"". Gateway to Guangdong. February 20, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  44. ↑ "Hollantilaisilta erikoinen vinkki: Auton ovi tulisi aina avata "väärällä" kädellä". MTV.fi (in Finnish). February 8, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  45. ↑ Bernard, Sophie (October 14, 2016). "Dutch Reach : comment ouvrir sa portière "à la hollandaise" pour sauver les cyclistes". Oh My Mag (in French). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Einfacher Trick schützt Radfahrer". DRadio Wissen (in German). October 24, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  47. ↑ "ΝΑ ΓΙΑΤΙ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΑΝΟΙΓΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΠΟΡΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΟΔΗΓΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΟ ΔΕΞΙ ΧΕΡΙ" [That is why you must open the driver's door with your rigfht hand]. feelfamous.gr (in Greek). Greece. 2017. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  48. ↑ sagancmbp (October 14, 2016). "Az ajtónyitás nem a "Dutch Reach" módszer alapján". YouTube (in Hungarian). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  49. ↑ Jones, Chris (February 15, 2017). "Could the Dutch Reach save lives?". The Automobile Association (Ireland). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  50. ↑ "La portiera dell'auto? Aprila come gli olandesi (ed eviterai di colpire un ciclista)". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). February 5, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  51. ↑ "自転車大国オランダが発明した車道を走る自転車をドアで打ちつけるのを予防する目からうろこな方法「Dutch Reach」とは？". Gigazine (in Japanese). October 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  52. ↑ "네덜란드 운전자들이 반드시 오른손으로 자동차 문을 여는 이유" [Why Dutch drivers must open their car doors with their right hands]. Dispatch (in Korean). Korea. May 28, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  53. ↑ "Na czym polega metoda the Dutch Reach?". Motofakty (in Polish). April 4, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  54. ↑ "Could The "Dutch Reach" Save Cyclists From Getting Doored?". Cycling Action Network, NZ. September 27, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  55. ↑ Shebeen (January 6, 2017). "Simplicity wins the day - 'the Dutch Reach'". Bike Hub. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  56. ↑ Fuentes, Victoria (November 19, 2016). "Abrir la puerta del coche con el método holandés". Coches.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  57. ↑ Wolfers, Jeroen (August 16, 2017). "Bilist – så här räddar du cyklister från dörrning". Cyklistbloggen. Retrieved June 28, 2018. .
  58. ↑ "Der dutch reach kann your Leben saven". Velopflock (in Swiss German). January 26, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  59. ↑ "因"开车门"不当而导致的事故，十分常见，而且一旦发生，就可能是惨剧。". China Daily (in Chinese). February 23, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  60. ↑ "Open het portier volgens de 'Dutch reach' methode". Rij-instructie.nl (in Dutch). October 4, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  61. ↑ "Veilig de autodeur opendoen op zijn Nederlands, ook in Amerika". WaarMaarRaar.nl (in Dutch). October 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  62. ↑ "Road Safety: Dutch Reach - What is the Dutch Reach?". RoSPA. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  63. ↑ Annear, Steve (May 30, 2017). "MassDOT adds 'Dutch Reach' to driver's manual". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  64. ↑ McLeod, Ken (June 6, 2017). "Does your state do the "dutch reach?"". League of American Bicyclists. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  65. ↑ Illinois Rules of the Road 2018 (PDF). Dept. of Transportation, State of Illinois. March 2018. p. 43.
  66. ↑ "The Driving Companion Observation (How to use your eyes more effectively)". Government of South Australia, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. October 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  67. ↑ "DDOT Launches #DCReach". District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC,. October 27, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  68. ↑ Road Danger Reduction & Vision Zero. Road Danger Reduction and Active Travel Plan, 2018-2023, Theme Two. Steps 5 – 8, Safer Cars (PDF) (Report). City of London Corporation. p. 47. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  69. ↑ FahrradPortal (June 12, 2018). "Holländischer Griff rettet Leben - Berliner Kampagne zur Vermeidung von Türöffner-Unfällen". Bundesministerium fur Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  70. ↑ City of Burbank, CA, Burbank Police Department (May 2018). "Keeping Bicyclists Safe with the Dutch Reach" (PDF). City of Burbank, CA. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  71. ↑ "7th International Cycling Safety Conference 2018". ICSC 2018. International Cycling Safety Community. October 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  72. ↑ Large, David R.; et al. (2018). "Validating 'Dutch Reach': A Preliminary Evaluation of Far-Hand Door Opening and its Impact on Car Drivers' Head Movements". Researchgate. 7th International Cycling Safety Conference (ICSC2018), Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved July 10, 2018. Conference Paper
  73. ↑ https://practicalmotoring.com.au/car-news/bosch-launches-aeb-cyclist-detection/
  74. 1 2 "Doorings in Chicago and NYC are still a sorry state but one of them is doing something about it". Grid Chicago. September 28, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  75. ↑ "City of Toronto: Transportation Services". Toronto.ca. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  76. 1 2 Laker, Laura (July 24, 2012). "Cyclists must steer clear of the threat of parked cars". The Guardian. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  77. ↑ "Heavy toll of car dooring incidents points to need for bigger fines". Slater and Gordon Lawyers. August 31, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  78. ↑ "Bicyclist Fatalities and Serious Injuries in New York City 1996–2005" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  79. ↑ McCarthy, M.; Gilbert, K. (1996). "Cyclist road deaths in London 1985-1992: drivers, vehicles, manoeuvres and injuries". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 28 (2): 275–79. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00061-5. PMID 8703286.
  80. ↑ Atkinson, J.E.; Hurst, P.M. (1983). "Collisions between cyclists and motorists in New Zealand". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 15 (2): 137–151. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(83)90069-6.
  81. ↑ Power, Liza (November 26, 2011). "Reflecting on a tragedy". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  82. ↑ Lott, D. F.; Lott, D. L. (1976). "Effect of Bike Lanes on Ten Classes of Bicycle-Automobile Accidents in Davis, California". Journal of Safety Research. 8 (4): 171–179.
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