Dongmyeong of Goguryeo

Dongmyeong of Goguryeo
Statue of King Dongmyeong at the Tomb of King Dongmyeong in Pyongyang
Reign 37 BCE – 19 BCE
Successor Yuri of Goguryeo
Born 58 BCE
Died 19 BCE (aged 39)
Burial Pyongyang
Spouse Lady Ye
Soseono
Issue See below
Father Hae Mo-su of Buyeo
Mother Lady Yuhwa
Religion Won Buddhism
Dongmyeong of Goguryeo
Chosŏn'gŭl 동명성왕 or 동명왕
Hancha 東明聖王 or 東明王
Revised Romanization Dongmyeong-seongwang or Dongmyeong-wang
McCune–Reischauer Tongmyŏng-sŏngwang or Tongmyŏng-wang
Birth name
Chosŏn'gŭl 고주몽 or 추모
Hancha 高朱蒙 or 鄒牟
Revised Romanization Go Jumong or Chumo
McCune–Reischauer Ko Chumong or Ch'umo

King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 BCE – 19 BCE, r. 37 BCE – 19 BCE) or Dongmyeongseongwang (Hangul: 동명성왕; Hanja: 東明聖王), which literally means Holy King of the East, also known by his birth name Jumong (Hangul: 주몽; Hanja: 朱蒙), was the founding monarch of the kingdom of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the Gwanggaeto Stele, he is called Chumo-wang (King Chumo). In the Samguk Sagi and the Samgungnyusa, he is recorded as Jumong with the surname Go (Hanja: 高). The Samguk Sagi states that he was also known as Chumo or Sanghae (Hangul: 상해; Hanja: 象解). The name is also transcribed in other records as Chumong (Hangul: 추몽; Hanja: 鄒蒙), Jungmo (Hangul: 중모; Hanja: 中牟 or hanja: 仲牟), or Domo (Hangul: 도모; Hanja: 都牟).[1]

Birth

The founding myths of Goguryeo are related in ancient writings, including the Gwanggaeto Stele. The best-known version is found, with slight variations, in the Samguk Sagi, Samgungnyusa, and the "King Dongmyeong" chapter (Hangul: 동명왕편; Hanja: 東明王篇) of the Dongguk Yisang Gukjip (Hangul: 동국이상국집; Hanja: 東國李相國集). The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo. The royal family of Buyeo had the surname "Hae".[2] The founding monarch of Goguryeo, Jumong had the surname "Hae" but the surname was changed to Go (高). The character (解) means "to loosen; to unfasten; to untie or to explain". It also means "sun" in Korean as Buyeo, Goguryeo and Baekje were deeply involved in Sun Worship.

Today, Korea's Heongseong Go clan (Hanja:橫城 高氏, Hangeul:횡성 고씨) and China's Liaoyang Go clan (Hanzi:遼陽 高氏), Japan's Koma clan (Kanji:高麗氏) has him as the founder.

these clan's geneaology book specifies Dongmyeong of Goguryeo as the direct ancestor.

According to the Samguk Sagi, the Goguryeo royal family claimed descent from the mythical god Gao Yang, who was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor of Chinese mythology, and thus took the surname of "Go" (高).[3][4][5][6]

There have been disputes over who the father of Jumong really was. In one legend, Jumong is the son of Hae Mo-su (Hangul: 해모수; Hanja: 解慕漱) and Lady Yuhwa (Hangul: 유화부인; Hanja: 柳花夫人), who was the daughter of Habaek (Hangul: 하백; Hanja: 河伯), the god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternate interpretation, the sun god Haebak (Hangul: 해밝).[7][8][9][10] Hae Mosu met Lady Yuhwa by a river where she was bathing, but Habaek disapproved of Hae Mosu, who returned to heaven. The river deity chased Lady Yuhwa away to Ubal river (Hangul: 우발수; Hanja: 優渤水), where she met and became the concubine of King Geumwa of Eastern Buyeo. Lady Yuwha was impregnated by sunlight and gave birth to an egg.[11] Geumwa tried to destroy the egg, and tried to feed it to animals, who instead protected the egg from harm. Geumwa returned it to Lady Yuhwa. From the egg hatched a baby boy, who was named Jumong, meaning "skilled archer" in the ancient Buyeo language.

Leaving Eastern Buyeo, Jumong was known for his exceptional skill at archery . Eventually, Geumwa's sons Daeso and Yongpo became jealous of him, and Jumong left Buyeo to follow Hae Mo-su's dream to unify Gojoseon territories which had been broken up as a result of the Han Dynasty's corrupt government and rescue Gojoseon's population that had been left in Eastern Buyeo. According to legend, as he fled on his horse, he approached a fast-running river. Turtles and creatures of the water rose up and formed a bridge.[12] He entered the land south of the river. In 37 BCE, Jumong became the first king of Goguryeo, and reunited all of the five tribes of Jolbon into one kingdom. Soseono, who was a Jolbon chief's daughter, became his second wife and gave birth to his son, who eventually established the kingdom of Baekje as Onjo of Baekje.

Rule

In 37 BCE, Jumong and his second wife Soseono established Goguryeo and became its first King and Queen. During that same year, King Songyang (Hangul: 송양; Hanja: 松讓) of Biryu surrendered to him after receiving assistance in defeating the Mohe people's invasion. In 34 BCE, along with the palace, Goguryeo's first capital city Jolbon, was completed. Four years later, in 28 BCE, Jumong sent General Bu Wiyeom (Hangul: 부위염; Hanja: 扶尉厭) to conquer the Okjeo.[13][14] During that same year, Jumong's mother, Lady Yuhwa, died in the palace of the Eastern Buyeo, and was given the burial ceremony of a queen consort even though she was only a concubine.

Jumong sent a messenger and numerous gifts to King Geumwa in gratitude for King Geumwa's generosity. In 19 BCE, Jumong's first wife Lady Ye, fled Eastern Buyeo with their son Yuri to Goguryeo. At that time, Jumong's second wife Soseono was queen. When Lady Ye and Yuri arrived in Goguryeo, Soseono gave up her title after realizing that Jumong would make Yuri the Crown Prince and decided to leave Goguryeo. Soseono left Goguryeo with her two sons and some of her subordinates and headed further south into the Korean Peninsula into what is now South Korea. There she established Baekje. Jumong elected his first son, Yuri as the successor to the throne.

Jumong established an army called Damul army. Damul means "recovery of old land", which was the foundation ideology of Goguryeo. "Old land" refers to Gojoseon, the root country of Goguryeo.

Demise

Tomb of King Tongmyong

Jumong died in 19 BCE at age 40.[15] Crown Prince Yuri buried his father in a pyramid tomb and gave him the posthumous name "Holy King Jumong".

Legacy

Jumong's kingdom of Goguryeo eventually evolved into a great regional territory with considerable power and influence. Goguryeo stood for 705 years and was ruled in total by 28 consecutive emperors in the Go Dynasty until it was conquered by the Silla-Tang alliance in 668. Balhae and Goryeo succeeded it, and the modern descendants of Jumong still bear his family name "Go."

In Goguryeo, Jumong was deified into an ancestral deity and he was worshipped in the Temple of King Dongmyeong next to his tomb.

Goguryeo succeeded to recover its old land of Gojoseon.

From 2006 to 2007, MBC aired an 81-episode drama, Jumong, to mark the network's anniversary. The series took elements from historical records and mythology, and retold the story in a more down-to-earth manner than found in the myths, recounting how Jumong, the spoiled stepchild of the Buyeo royal family, embarks on a journey of self-discovery, becoming a leading figure of Buyeo, but retreats from Buyeo after his step-brothers' betrayal. Relaunching the armed and militarily capable guerrilla fighters' force his biological father Hae Mo-su once headed, Jumong goes on a life mission to rescue and band together the refugees of the ancient Joseon peoples, leading the fight against the oppression of Imperial China, finally establishing himself as the king of the new nation Goguryeo.

From 2010 to 2011, KBS1 aired King Geunchogo, also known as The King of Legend. In this series, Jumong is portrayed as a tyrant who could not accept sharing the power over Goguryeo with Soseono and the Jolbon faction. After Yuri of Goguryeo's arrival, the declared crown prince and successor to Jumong's throne, Soseono and all her subordinates and servants decided to leave "their beloved Goguryeo" to establish a new kingdom "much more powerful than Goguryeo ever was."

Actors who have played Jumong

Family

  1. Yuri of Goguryeo
  1. Biryu
  2. Onjo of Baekje

See also

References

  1. ↑ Digital Korean Studies "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-02-13. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  2. ↑ Samguk Sagi
  3. ↑ National Institute of Korean History. 三國史記 卷第二十八 百濟本紀 第六. National Institute of Korean HistoryDatabase.
  4. ↑ National Institute of Korean History. 三國史記 卷第十八 髙句麗本紀 第六. National Institute of Korean HistoryDatabase.
  5. ↑ 한국인문고전연구소 원문과 함께 읽는 삼국사기 의자왕 義慈王. 한국인문고전연구소.
  6. ↑ 한국인문고전연구소 원문과 함께 읽는 삼국사기 광개토왕 廣開土王. 한국인문고전연구소.
  7. ↑ Doosan Encyclopedia 유화부인 柳花夫人. Doosan Encyclopedia.
  8. ↑ Doosan Encyclopedia 하백 河伯. Doosan Encyclopedia.
  9. ↑ Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 하백 河伯. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  10. ↑ 조현설. "유화부인". Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Retrieved on March 6th of 2008. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-02-13. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  12. ↑ http://www.seelotus.com/gojeon/gojeon/seol-hwa/dong-myeong-wang.htm (Kor)
  13. ↑ History of Korea (Korean) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  14. ↑ 《三国史记》：“六年 秋八月 神雀集宫庭 冬十月 王命乌伊扶芬奴 伐太白山东南人国 取其地为城邑。十年 秋九月 鸾集于王台 冬十一月 王命扶尉 伐北沃沮灭之 以其地为城邑”
  15. ↑ 秋九月 王升遐 時年四十歲 葬龍山 號東明聖王, Samguksagi Goguryeo, volume 13.
Dongmyeong of Goguryeo
 Died: 19 BCE
Regnal titles
New creation King of Goguryeo
37 BCE – 19 BCE		 Succeeded by
Yuri
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