Dian Kingdom

Dian Kingdom
滇國
4th century BCE–109 BCE
The location of Dian kingdom before the conquest of Han Dynasty
Bronze Table with Figurines of Tiger and Oxen, a representative bronzeware of Dian culture.
Capital Today's Jinning District
Government Monarchy
History  
• Established
4th century BCE
109 BCE
Succeeded by
Han dynasty

The Dian Kingdom (simplified Chinese: 滇王国; traditional Chinese: 滇國) was an ancient kingdom established by the Dian people, an ancient group of indigenous non-Chinese metalworking tribes that inhabited around the Dian Lake plateau of central northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn period until the Eastern Han dynasty. The Dian buried their dead in vertical pit graves.[1] The Dian language was likely one of the Tibeto-Burman languages.[2] The Dian were gradually displaced and assimilated into Han Chinese culture as the Han dynasty expanded towards what is now Yunnan. The Han Empire's annexation of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC eventually led to the establishment of the Yizhou commandery.

History

A bronze cowry shell vessel (cowries were once used as currency) with oxen and tigers made by the Dian people during the Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)
Seal of the Kingdom of Dian

The Dian were first mentioned historically in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian; according to Chinese sources, General Zhuang Qiao of Chu was the founder of the Dian Kingdom.[3] Sent to conquer the "barbarian peoples" of the area, he and his army were prevented from going back to Chu by enemy armies, so he settled down and became king of the new Dian Kingdom.[4]

The kingdom was located around Kunming;[5] it was surrounded on its east by the Yelang tribes, to the west by Kunming tribes, and to the north in Chengdu by the Han Chinese, and had relations with all of them.[6]

It is said that during the reign of King Qingxiang of Chu (298-236 BCE), a military force was sent on a mission to the lands of the Ba and Shu (modern Sichuan), Qinzong (Guizhou), and the Dian Kingdom (Kunming, Yunnan). Native women married the Chu soldiers, who stayed in the area.[7]

The Dian Kingdom was annexed by the Han under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in 109 BCE and the Yizhou commandery established.[8][9] The Dian King willingly received the Chinese invasion in the hopes of assistance against rival tribes. It was at this time he received his seal from the Chinese, and became a tributary.[10]

Han campaigns against Dian lead to its territory being incorporated into Yizhou Commandery (Chinese: 益州, modern Sichuan) but left the king of Dian as a local ruler until a rebellion during the rule of Emperor Zhao of Han. The Han proceeded with colonization and conquered the people of Kunming in 86 and 82 BCE, reaching all the way to what is now modern day Burma.[11]

Royal burials

Jade garment of Dian King.

The Dian buried their kings at Shizhaishan, which was uncovered in 1954 near Shizhai Village in Jinning County, Yunnan. The burials were identified by the inscription King Dian's Seal. The inscription was written in seal script on a gold imperial seal of investiture given by the Han Emperor.[12][13][14] Sima Qian noted that the Dian were one of only two local groups to have received an imperial seal, the other being Yelang. Both have survived: the Yelang Seal emerged in 2007 from a Hmong man in Guizhou, claiming to be the Yelang King's 75th generation descendant.[15]

Bronze working

Bronze sculpture of the Dian Kingdom (felines attacking an ox), 3rd century BCE, Yunnan, China.

The Dian people were sophisticated metal workers, casting both bronze and iron. The Dian cast bronze objects using both the piece mould method and the lost wax method. Dian elite burials contained an impressive array of bronze objects, although late Dian burials also contained locally cast iron objects.

Large bronze drums were employed by the Dian to communicate in battle; ritual burials of Dian elites were accompanied by large bronze drums filled with cowrie shells. The tops of the drums were removed and replaced by a bronze lid.

Saka influences

Iaroslav Lebedynsky and Victor H. Mair speculate that some Sakas may also have migrated to the area of Yunnan in southern China following their expulsion by the Yuezhi in the 2nd century BCE. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the Dian civilization of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian clothing.[16] The scenes depicted on these drums sometimes represent these horsemen practicing hunting. Animal scenes of felines attacking oxen are also at times reminiscent of Scythian art both in theme and in composition.[17]

Depiction of Dian society

Face of a Dian Kingdom person.
Bronze sword with a head-hunting theme from the Dian culture of ancient Yunnan (circa 100BCE) unearthed at Jiancheng and displayed at Yunnan Provincial Museum, Guandu, Kunming, 2016.

The bronze lids were covered with miniature figurines and structures, depicting various scenes from the life of the Dian people. The bronze lids depicted the Dian people engaged in everyday activities such as hunting, farming and weaving. Other scenes depicted the leisurely pursuits of the Dian people, such as bullfighting, dancing and music-making. The Dian people dressed in tunics over short pants and wore their hair in topknots. The bronze lids corroborated Sima Qian's description of the Dian hairstyle.

Many scenes depicted the Dian at war, often riding horses. Archaeological evidence shows that horses had been domesticated by the Dian people as early as the sixth century BCE. The bronze lids also depicted the Dian decapitating their enemies (who wore their hair in long plaits).

The Kingdom was based on agriculture, the bronzes also showed head hunting, human sacrifice, and slaves as part of Dian society.[18][19][20][21]

Underwater ruins

Belt ornament of the Dian Kingdom, 2nd century BCE.

Archaeologists recently discovered the inundated remains of Dian-period buildings and pottery fragments under Fuxian Lake and were able to verify their age with carbon dating.

Other artifacts

At Dabona, a site connected with the Dian culture, archaeologists discovered a large double coffin burial; The outer coffin was made of wood and the inner coffin was made of bronze. The inner coffin was shaped like a house and weighs over 157 kg.

The Yunnan Provincial Museum holds many archaeological relics of the Dian culture.


References

  1. ↑ Archaeology of Asia, pp. 247
  2. ↑ Blench, Sagart & Sanchez-Mazas 2015, p. 192.
  3. ↑ Manning 2006, p. 34.
  4. ↑ Yao 2008, p. 32.
  5. ↑ Gaubatz 1996, p. 77.
  6. ↑ Gernet 1996, p. 124.
  7. ↑ Gernet 1996, p. 73.
  8. ↑ haw 2006, p. 13.
  9. ↑ Shennan 1989, p. 195.
  10. ↑ Booz 2007, p. 11.
  11. ↑ Gernet 1996, p. 125.
  12. ↑ Charles Higham (2004). Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations (illustrated ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 0-8160-4640-9. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  13. ↑ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  14. ↑ David Leffman; Simon Lewis; Jeremy Atiyah; Simon Farnham; Mark South (2008). The Rough Guide to China (5, illustrated ed.). Penguin. ISBN 1-84353-872-5. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  15. ↑ "Seal of ancient king made public". CRI.cn. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  16. ↑ Lebedynsky 2006, p. 73.
  17. ↑ Mallory & Mair 2008, pp. 329-330.
  18. ↑ Charles Higham (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-521-56505-7. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  19. ↑ Stephen Mansfield; Martin Walters (2007). China: Yunnan Province (2, illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 6. ISBN 1-84162-169-2. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  20. ↑ Patrick R. Booz (2007). Yunnan (3, illustrated ed.). Passport Books. p. 11. ISBN 962-217-210-5. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  21. ↑ Bradley Mayhew; Korina Miller; Alex English (2002). South-West China (2, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 52. ISBN 1-86450-370-X. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

Bibliography

  • Allard, Francis (1999). "The archaeology of Dian: trends and tradition". Antiquity. 73 (279): 77–79. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00087858.
  • Blench, Roger; Sagart, Laurent; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2015). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Routledge. ISBN 9781138862234.
  • Booz, Patrick R. (2007). Yunnan (3, illustrated ed.). Passport Books. ISBN 962-217-210-5.
  • Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996). Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2399-0.
  • Gernet, Jacques (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
  • Haw, Stephen G. (2005). Marco Polo's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415348508.
  • Higham, Charles (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia (Transferred to digital reprinting ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521565059.
  • Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2006). Les Saces: les Scythes d'Asie, VIIIe siècle av. J.-C., IVe siècle apr. J.-C. Paris: Errance. ISBN 978-2877723374.
  • Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2008). The Tarim mummies : ancient China and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the West (1st pbk. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500283721.
  • Manning, Patrick (2006). World history: global and local interactions. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 1-55876-395-3.
  • Shennan, Stephen (1989). Archaeological approaches to cultural identity (illustrated ed.). Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-445016-8.
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  • Stark, Miriam T. (ed), Archaeology of Asia, ISBN 1-4051-0213-6
  • Yang, Bin, 2004, Horses, silver, and cowries: Yunnan in global perspective. Journal of World History 15(3): 281-322.
  1. ↑ Yao, Alive (2008). Culture Contact and Social Change Along China's Ancient Southwestern Frontier, 900 B.C.--100 A.D. ProQuest. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-549-51256-1.
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