Demography of the United States

Demographics of the United States
Nationality American
Population
Population 308,745,538 (2010) (3rd)
  Estimate 328,594,190 (2018) (3rd)
  Density 86.16/sq mi (33.27/km2)
Growth rate Increase 0.71% (2017-2018 est.)[1]
Birth rate 12.5/1,000 population
Death rate 8.2/1,000 population
Net migration rate 3.9/1,000 population
Life expectancy 79.8 years
  Male 77.5 years
  Female 82.1 years
Fertility rate

1.87

children born/woman
Languages
Official None
Spoken English 79.2%
Spanish 13.0%
Other Indo-European 3.7%
Asian and Pacific island 3.3%
Other 0.8%
Source: CIA World Factbook[2]

The United States is estimated to have a population of 328,594,190 as of September 16, 2018, making it the third most populous country in the world.[3] It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014 (the worldwide urban rate is 54%).[4] California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.[5][6] New York City is the most populous city in the United States.[7]

The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2016 is 1.82 children per woman,[8][9] which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. The United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0.75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1%.[10]

There were about 125.9 million adult women in the United States in 2014. The number of men was 119.4 million. At age 85 and older, there were almost twice as many women as men (4 million vs. 2.1 million). People under 21 years of age made up over a quarter of the U.S. population (27.1%), and people age 65 and over made up one-seventh (14.5%).[11] The national median age was 37.8 years in 2015.[12]

The United States Census Bureau defines white people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported "White" or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish."[13] Whites constitute the majority of the U.S. population, with a total of about 245,532,000 or 77.7% of the population as of 2013. Non-Hispanic whites make up 62.6% of the country's population.

The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. It is estimated to have reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006.[14][15] Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureau's estimation for 2012, 50.4% of American children under the age of 1 belonged to racial and ethnic minority groups.[16]

The non-Hispanic white population of the US is expected to fall below 50% by 2045.[17] It has also been hypothesized in the Huffington Post that the Hispanic population of the United States citizenry will become the majority ethnic group by 2060.[18] According to Pew Research Center study released in 2018, by 2040, Islam will surpass Judaism to become the second largest religion in the US due to higher immigration and birth rates.[19]

Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48% of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1, 2005, and July 1, 2006.[20] Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.[21]

The Census Bureau projects a U.S. population of 417 million in 2060, a 38% increase from 2007 (301.3 million),[22] and the United Nations estimates the U.S. population will be 402 million in 2050, an increase of 32% from 2007.[23] In an official census report, it was reported that 54.4% (2,150,926 out of 3,953,593) of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white. This represents an increase of 0.3% compared to the previous year, which was 54.1%.[24]

Historical population
CensusPop.
17903,929,214
18005,236,63133.3%
18107,239,88138.3%
18209,638,45333.1%
183012,866,02033.5%
184017,069,45332.7%
185023,191,87635.9%
186031,443,32135.6%
187038,558,37122.6%
188049,371,34028.0%
189062,979,76627.6%
190076,212,16821.0%
191092,228,53121.0%
1920106,021,56815.0%
1930123,202,66016.2%
1940132,165,1297.3%
1950151,325,79814.5%
1960179,323,17518.5%
1970203,211,92613.3%
1980226,545,80511.5%
1990248,709,8739.8%
2000281,421,90613.2%
2010308,745,5389.7%
Est. 2018328,594,1906.4%
Sources: United States Census Bureau[25][26][27]
Note that the census numbers do not
include American Indian natives before 1860.

History

Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900.

In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were 66.8 million Whites in the United States, representing 88% of the total population,[28] 8.8 million Black Americans, with about 90% of them still living in Southern states,[29] and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics.[30]

Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,[31] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased,[32] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.[33] Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s.[34] In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, and 11% in Africa.[35]

In 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities.[36] The Census Bureau reported that minorities (including Hispanic whites) made up 50.4% of the children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011,[37] compared to 37% in 1990.[38]

In 2010 the state with the lowest fertility rate was Rhode Island, with a rate of 1.63, while Utah had the greatest rate with a rate of 2.45.[24] This correlates with the ages of the states' populations: Rhode Island has the ninth-oldest median age in the US—39.2—while Utah has the youngest—29.0.[39]

Vital statistics

Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013.

The U.S. total fertility rate as of 2010 census is 1.931:

Other:[40]

  • 2.350 for Hispanics (of all racial groups)
  • 1.831 for non-Hispanics (of all racial groups)

(Note that ~95% of Hispanics are included as "white Hispanics" by CDC, which does not recognize the Census' "Some other race" category and counts people in that category as white.)

Source: National Vital statistics report based on 2010 US Census data[24]

Total Fertility Rates from 1800 to 2010

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. Sources: Ansley J. Coale, Zelnik and National Center for Health Statistics.[41]

Years18001810182018301840185018601870188018901900[41]
Total Fertility Rate in the United States7.06.96.76.66.15.45.24.64.23.03.6
Years19101920193019401950196019701980199020002010[41]
Total Fertility Rate in the United States3.43.22.52.23.03.52.51.82.082.061.93

Life expectancy at birth from 1901 to 2015

Life expectancy in the United States from 1901 to 2015. Source: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1901-1950

Years 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910[42]
Life expectancy in the United States 49.3 50.5 50.6 49.6 50.3 50.2 50.1 51.9 52.8 51.8
Years 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920[42]
Life expectancy in the United States 53.4 54.1 53.5 54.6 55.1 54.2 54.0 47.0 55.3 55.4
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[42]
Life expectancy in the United States 58.2 58.1 57.5 58.5 58.5 57.9 59.4 58.3 58.5 59.6
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[42]
Life expectancy in the United States 60.3 61.0 60.9 60.2 60.9 60.4 61.1 62.4 63.1 63.2
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[42]
Life expectancy in the United States 63.8 64.6 64.3 65.1 65.6 66.3 66.7 67.3 67.6 68.1

1950-2015

Period Life expectancy in
Years
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 68.7 1985–1990 74.9
1955–1960 69.7 1990–1995 75.7
1960–1965 70.1 1995–2000 76.5
1965–1970 70.4 2000–2005 77.2
1970–1975 71.4 2005–2010 78.2
1975–1980 73.3 2010–2015 78.9
1980–1985 74.4

Source: UN World Population Prospects[43]

Vital statistics from 1935

Average population[44] Live births[45] Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000)[46] Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rate[fn 1][47]
1935 127,362,000 2,377,000 1,392,752 984,248 18.7 10.9 7.7 2.19
1936 128,181,000 2,355,000 1,479,228 875,772 18.4 11.5 6.8 2.15
1937 128,961,000 2,413,000 1,450,427 962,573 18.7 11.2 7.5 2.17
1938 129,969,000 2,496,000 1,381,391 1,114,609 19.2 10.6 8.6 2.22
1939 131,028,000 2,466,000 1,387,897 1,078,103 18.8 10.6 8.2 2.17
1940 132,165,000 2,559,000 1,417,269 1,142,000 19.4 10.8 8.6 2.301
1941 133,002,000 2,703,000 1,397,642 1,305,358 20.3 10.5 9.8 2.399
1942 134,464,000 2,989,000 1,385,187 1,603,813 22.2 10.3 11.9 2.628
1943 136,003,000 3,104,000 1,459,544 1,644,306 22.8 10.7 12.1 2.718
1944 138,083,000 2,939,000 1,411,338 1,644,456 21.2 10.2 11.0 2.568
1945 139,994,000 2,858,000 1,401,719 1,456,281 20.4 10.0 10.4 2.491
1946 140,008,000 3,411,000 1,395,617 2,015,383 24.1 10.0 14.1 2.943
1947 145,023,000 3,817,000 1,445,370 2,371,630 26.6 10.0 16.6 3.274
1948 148,013,000 3,637,000 1,444,337 2,192,663 24.9 9.8 15.1 3.109
1949 149,336,000 3,649,000 1,443,607 2,205,393 24.5 9.7 14.8 3.110
1950 151,861,000 3,632,000 1,452,454 2,180,000 24.1 9.6 14.5 3.091
1951 154,056,000 3,823,000 1,482,099 2,340,901 24.8 9.6 15.2 3.269
1952 156,431,000 3,913,000 1,496,838 2,416,162 25.0 9.6 15.4 3.358
1953 159,047,000 3,965,000 1,447,459 2,517,541 25.2 9.1 16.1 3.424
1954 161,948,000 4,078,000 1,481,091 2,596,909 24.8 9.3 15.5 3.543
1955 163,476,000 4,097,000 1,528,717 2,568,283 25.0 9.3 14.3 3.580
1956 166,578,000 4,218,000 1,564,476 2,653,524 25.1 9.3 15.8 3.689
1957 169,637,000 4,308,000 1,633,128 2,666,872 25.3 9.5 15.8 3.767
1958 172,668,000 4,255,000 1,647,886 2,607,114 24.4 9.5 14.9 3.701
1959 175,642,000 4,244,796 1,656,814 2,587,982 24.0 9.4 14.7 3.670
1960 179,979,000 4,257,850 1,711,982 2,545,868 23.7 9.5 14.1 3.654
1961 182,992,000 4,268,326 1,701,522 2,566,804 23.3 9.3 14.0 3.629
1962 185,771,000 4,167,362 1,756,720 2,410,642 22.4 9.5 12.9 3.474
1963 188,483,000 4,098,020 1,813,549 2,284,471 21.7 9.6 12.1 3.333
1964 191,141,000 4,027,490 1,798,051 2,229,439 21.1 9.4 11.7 3.208
1965 193,526,000 3,760,358 1,828,136 1,932,222 19.4 9.5 9.9 2.928
1966 195,576,000 3,606,274 1,863,149 1,743,125 18.4 9.5 8.9 2.736
1967 197,457,000 3,520,959 1,851,323 1,669,636 17.8 9.4 8.4 2.578
1968 199,399,000 3,501,564 1,930,082 1,571,482 17.6 9.7 7.9 2.477
1969 201,385,000 3,600,206 1,921,990 1,678,216 17.9 9.5 8.4 2.465
1970 203,984,000 3,731,386 1,921,031 1,810,355 18.4 9.4 9.0 2.480
1971 206,827,000 3,555,970 1,927,542 1,628,428 17.2 9.3 7.9 2.266
1972 209,284,000 3,258,411 1,963,944 1,294,467 15.6 9.4 6.2 2.010
1973 211,357,000 3,136,965 1,973,003 1,163,962 14.8 9.5 5.3 1.879
1974 213,342,000 3,159,958 1,934,388 1,225,570 14.8 9.1 5.7 1.835
1975 215,465,000 3,144,198 1,892,879 1,251,319 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.774
1976 217,563,000 3,167,788 1,909,440 1,258,348 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.738
1977 219,760,000 3,326,632 1,899,597 1,427,035 15.1 8.6 6.5 1.789
1978 222,095,000 3,333,279 1,927,788 1,405,491 15.0 8.7 6.3 1.760
1979 224,567,000 3,494,398 1,913,841 1,580,557 15.6 8.5 7.1 1.808
1980 227,225,000 3,612,258 1,989,841 1,622,417 15.9 8.8 7.1 1.839
1981 229,466,000 3,629,238 1,977,981 1,651,257 15.8 8.6 7.2 1.812
1982 231,664,000 3,680,537 1,974,797 1,705,740 15.9 8.5 7.4 1.827
1983 233,792,000 3,638,933 2,019,201 1,619,732 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.799
1984 235,825,000 3,669,141 2,039,369 1,629,772 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.806
1985 237,924,000 3,760,561 2,086,440 1,674,121 15.8 8.8 7.0 1.844
1986 240,133,000 3,756,547 2,105,361 1,651,186 15.6 8.8 6.9 1.837
1987 242,289,000 3,809,394 2,123,323 1,686,071 15.7 8.8 7.0 1.872
1988 244,499,000 3,909,510 2,167,999 1,741,511 16.0 8.9 7.1 1.934
1989 246,819,000 4,040,958 2,150,466 1,890,492 16.4 8.7 7.7 2.014
1990 249,623,000 4,158,212 2,148,463 2,009,749 16.7 8.6 8.1 2.081
1991 252,981,000 4,110,907 2,169,518 1,941,389 16.2 8.6 7.7 2.062
1992 256,514,000 4,065,014 2,175,613 1,889,401 15.8 8.5 7.4 2.046
1993 259,919,000 4,000,240 2,268,553 1,731,687 15.4 8.7 6.7 2.019
1994 263,126,000 3,952,767 2,278,994 1,673,773 15.0 8.7 6.4 2.001
1995 266,278,000 3,899,589 2,312,132 1,587,457 14.6 8.7 6.0 1.978
1996 269,394,000 3,891,494 2,314,690 1,576,804 14.4 8.6 5.9 1.976
1997 272,647,000 3,880,894 2,314,245 1,566,649 14.2 8.5 5.7 1.971
1998 275,854,000 3,941,553 2,337,256 1,604,297 14.3 8.5 5.8 1.999
1999 279,040,000 3,959,417 2,391,399 1,568,018 14.2 8.6 5.6 2.007
2000 282,172,000 4,058,814 2,403,351 1,655,463 14.4 8.5 5.9 2.056
2001 285,082,000 4,025,933 2,416,425 1,609,508 14.1 8.5 5.6 2.030
2002 287,804,000 4,021,726 2,443,387 1,578,339 14.0 8.5 5.5 2.020
2003 290,326,000 4,089,950 2,448,288 1,641,662 14.1 8.4 5.5 2.047
2004 293,046,000 4,112,052 2,397,615 1,714,437 14.0 8.2 5.9 2.051
2005 295,753,000 4,138,349 2,448,017 1,690,332 14.0 8.3 5.7 2.057
2006 298,593,000 4,265,555 2,426,264 1,839,291 14.3 8.1 6.2 2.108
2007 301,580,000 4,316,234 2,423,712 1,892,522 14.3 8.0 6.3 2.120
2008 304,375,000 4,247,694 2,471,984 1,775,710 14.0 8.1 5.9 2.072
2009 307,007,000 4,130,665 2,437,163 1,693,502 13.5 7.9 5.6 2.002
2010 309,330,000 3,999,386 2,468,435 1,530,951 13.0 8.0 5.0 1.931
2011 311,583,000 3,953,590 2,515,458 1,438,412 12.7 8.1 4.6 1.894
2012 313,874,000 3,952,841 2,543,279 1,409,562 12.6 8.1 4.5 1.880
2013 316,129,000 3,932,181 2,596,993 1,336,183 12.4 8.2 4.2 1.857
2014 319,113,000 3,988,076 2,626,418 1,361,658 12.5 8.2 4.3 1.862
2015 321,442,000 3,978,497 2,712,630 1,265,867 12.4 8.4 4.0 1.843
2016 323,100,000 3,945,875 2,744,248 1,201,627 12.2 8.5 3.7 1.820
2017 325,000,000 3,853,472[48] 2,814,000[49] 1,039,000 11.9 8.6 3.2 1.7645

Current vital statistics

[50]

Number of births :

  • from January–March 2017 = Decrease 923,000
  • from January–March 2018 = Decrease 913,000

Number of deaths :

  • from January–March 2017 = Negative increase 749,000
  • from January–March 2018 = Negative increase 770,000

Natural increase :

  • from January–March 2017 = Decrease 174,000
  • from January–March 2018 = Decrease 143,000

Median age of the population

Median age of the U.S. population through history. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census, United States Census Bureau and The World Factbook.[47][51][52]

Years182018301840185018601870188018901900
Median age of the total population16.717.217.818.919.420.220.922.022.9
Median age of males16.617.217.919.219.820.221.222.323.3
Median age of females16.817.317.818.619.120.120.721.622.4
Years191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102017
Median age of the total population24.125.326.529.030.229.628.130.032.935.337.238.1
Median age of males24.625.826.729.129.928.726.828.831.734.035.836.8
Median age of females23.524.725.229.030.530.429.831.234.136.538.539.4

Population density

United States population density map

The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,121/mi2 or 433/km2). See List of U.S. states by population density for maps and complete statistics.

The United States Census Bureau publishes a popular "dot" or "nighttime" map showing population distribution at resolutions of 1,000 and 7,500 people,[53] as well as complete listings of population density by place name.[54]

Cities

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 31 "global cities"[55] of all types, with 10 in the "alpha" group of global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, DC, Boston, San Francisco, Miami, Philadelphia, Dallas, and Atlanta.[56] As of 2011, the United States had 51 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each. (See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

As of 2011, about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.[57]

The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas. Note Denver and Baltimore have over 2.5 million residents in their metro areas.

Leading population centers (see complete list)
Rank Core city (cities) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region[58]

New York City


Los Angeles


Chicago


Dallas

1 New York City 20,320,876 New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA MSA Northeast
2 Los Angeles 13,353,907 Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim, CA MSA West
3 Chicago 9,533,040 Chicago–Joliet–Naperville, IL–IN–WI MSA Midwest
4 Dallas–Fort Worth 7,399,662 Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX MSA South
5 Houston 6,892,427 Houston–The Woodlands-Sugar Land MSA South
6 Washington, D.C. 6,216,589 Washington, DC–VA–MD–WV MSA South
7 Miami 6,158,824 Miami–Fort Lauderdale–West Palm Beach, FL MSA South
8 Philadelphia 6,096,120 Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD MSA Northeast
9 Atlanta 5,884,736 Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Roswell, GA MSA South
10 Boston 4,836,531 Boston–Cambridge–Quincy, MA–NH MSA Northeast
11 Phoenix 4,737,270 Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ MSA West
12 San Francisco 4,727,357 San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont, CA MSA West
13 Riverside–San Bernardino 4,580,670 Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA MSA West
14 Detroit 4,313,002 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA Midwest
15 Seattle 3,867,046 Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA MSA West
16 Minneapolis–St. Paul 3,600,618 Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN–WI MSA Midwest
17 San Diego 3,337,685 San Diego–Carlsbad–San Marcos, CA MSA West
18 Tampa–St. Petersburg 3,091,399 Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA South
19 Denver 2,888,227 Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO MSA West
20 Baltimore 2,808,175 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA South
Based on 2017 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau[59]

Race and ethnicity

Race

The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and these data are based on self-identification. The Census Bureaus uses five racial classifications that are defined as indicated below. State classifications of race may differ from federal classifications.[60]

  • White: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East (i.e. West/Southwest Asia including Arabs, Assyrians, Jews, Kurds, Persians and Turks), North Africa (i.e. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia) and Central Asia (i.e. Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).
  • Black: A person having origins in any of the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, including the aboriginal Austronesian peoples of Madagascar.
  • American Indian/Alaska Native: A person having indigenous origins in any of the Amerindian peoples of the Americas or the Eskimo–Aleut peoples of Arctic North America.
  • Asian: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the East Asia, South Asia or Southeast Asia - including the Austronesian aboriginal peoples of Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan. (Persons with origins in any of the original peoples in Central Asia and West/Southwest Asia are classified as 'White'.)
  • Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Oceania comprising Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.

Data about race and ethnicity are self-reported to the Census Bureau. Since the 2000 census, Congress has authorised people to identify themselves according to more than one racial classification by selecting more than one category. Only one ethnicity may be selected, however, because the U.S. Census recognizes only two ethnicities—Hispanic and Non-Hispanic—which are mutually exclusive since you can be one or the other, but not both. The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic" as any person who has an ancestral connection to Spain.

According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the United States in 2015 was:[61]

RacePopulation (2016 est.)Share of total population
Total318,558,162100%
One race308,805,21596.9%
  White233,657,07873.3%
  Black or African American40,241,81812.6%
  American Indian and Alaska Native2,597,8170.8%
  Asian16,614,6255.2%
  Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander560,0210.2%
  Other races15,133,8564.8%
Two or more races9,752,9473.1%
  White and Black or African American2,525,5090.8%
  White and American Indian and Alaska Native1,884,4070.6%
  White and Asian1,956,7400.6%
  Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native318,3020.1%
Population distribution by race 1940-2010 (in %)

Hispanic are shown like part of the races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1940 to 2010.[52]

Years 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000* 2010*
White 89.8 89.5 88.6 87.5 83.0 80.3 75.1 72.4
Black or African American 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.7 12.1 12.3 12.6
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Asian and Native Hawaiian
and other Pacific Islander
1.5 2.9 3.8 5.0
Some other race 3.0 3.9 5.5 6.2
Two or more races 2.4 2.9
Sum (%) 99.6 99.5 99.1 98.6 100 100 100 100

*Data are shown for the White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race alone populations.

Racial breakdown of population by state, 2015[61]
State or territoryPopulation
(2015 est.)
WhiteBlack or
African American
American Indian
and Alaska Native
AsianNative Hawaiian and
Other Pacific Islander
Some other raceTwo or more races
Alabama4,830,62068.8%26.4%0.5%1.2%0.1%1.3%1.7%
Alaska733,37566.0%3.4%13.8%5.9%1.2%1.3%8.4%
Arizona6,641,92878.4%4.2%4.4%3.0%0.2%6.5%3.2%
Arkansas2,958,20878.0%15.5%0.6%1.4%0.2%2.1%2.1%
California38,421,46461.8%5.9%0.7%13.7%0.4%12.9%4.5%
Colorado5,278,90684.2%4.0%0.9%2.9%0.1%4.3%3.5%
Connecticut3,593,22277.3%10.3%0.2%4.2%0.0%5.1%2.8%
Delaware926,45469.4%21.6%0.3%3.6%0.0%2.3%2.7%
District of Columbia647,48440.2%48.9%0.3%3.7%0.0%4.2%2.7%
Florida19,645,77276.0%16.1%0.3%2.6%0.1%2.5%2.4%
Georgia10,006,69360.2%30.9%0.3%3.6%0.0%2.8%2.1%
Hawaii1,406,29925.4%2.0%0.2%37.7%9.9%1.1%23.7%
Idaho1,616,54791.7%0.6%1.3%1.3%0.1%2.4%2.6%
Illinois12,873,76172.3%14.3%0.2%5.0%0.0%5.8%2.2%
Indiana6,568,64584.2%9.2%0.2%1.9%0.0%2.3%2.2%
Iowa3,093,52691.2%3.2%0.3%2.0%0.1%1.3%2.0%
Kansas2,892,98785.2%5.8%0.8%2.6%0.1%2.2%3.3%
Kentucky4,397,35387.6%7.9%0.2%1.3%0.0%0.9%2.1%
Louisiana4,625,25362.8%32.1%0.6%1.7%0.0%1.0%1.8%
Maine1,329,10095.0%1.1%0.6%1.1%0.0%0.2%2.0%
Maryland5,930,53857.6%29.5%0.3%6.0%0.0%3.6%3.0%
Massachusetts6,705,58679.6%7.1%0.2%6.0%0.0%4.2%2.9%
Michigan9,900,57179.0%14.0%0.5%2.7%0.0%1.1%2.6%
Minnesota5,419,17184.8%5.5%1.0%4.4%0.0%1.5%2.7%
Mississippi2,988,08159.2%37.4%0.4%1.0%0.0%0.9%1.2%
Missouri6,045,44882.6%11.5%0.4%1.8%0.1%1.1%2.4%
Montana1,014,69989.2%0.5%6.5%0.7%0.1%0.5%2.5%
Nebraska1,869,36588.1%4.7%0.9%2.0%0.1%1.9%2.2%
Nevada2,798,63669.0%8.4%1.1%7.7%0.6%8.8%4.4%
New Hampshire1,324,20193.7%1.3%0.2%2.4%0.0%0.5%1.8%
New Jersey8,904,41368.3%13.5%0.2%9.0%0.0%6.4%2.5%
New Mexico2,084,11773.2%2.1%9.1%1.4%0.1%10.9%3.3%
New York19,673,17464.6%15.6%0.4%8.0%0.0%8.6%2.9%
North Carolina9,845,33369.5%21.5%1.2%2.5%0.1%3.0%2.4%
North Dakota721,64088.7%1.6%5.3%1.2%0.0%0.8%2.2%
Ohio11,575,97782.4%12.2%0.2%1.9%0.0%0.8%2.5%
Oklahoma3,849,73373.1%7.2%7.3%1.9%0.1%2.6%7.8%
Oregon3,939,23385.1%1.8%1.2%4.0%0.4%3.4%4.1%
Pennsylvania12,779,55981.6%11.0%0.2%3.1%0.0%2.0%2.1%
Rhode Island1,053,66181.1%6.5%0.5%3.2%0.0%5.8%2.8%
South Carolina4,777,57667.2%27.5%0.3%1.4%0.1%1.5%2.0%
South Dakota843,19085.0%1.6%8.6%1.2%0.0%0.9%2.6%
Tennessee6,499,61577.8%16.8%0.3%1.6%0.1%1.5%2.0%
Texas26,538,61474.9%11.9%0.5%4.2%0.1%6.0%2.5%
Utah2,903,37987.6%1.1%1.1%2.2%0.9%4.5%2.6%
Vermont626,60494.9%1.1%0.3%1.4%0.0%0.3%1.9%
Virginia8,256,63069.0%19.2%0.3%6.0%0.1%2.2%3.2%
Washington6,985,46477.8%3.6%1.3%7.7%0.6%3.8%5.2%
West Virginia1,851,42093.6%3.3%0.2%0.7%0.0%0.2%2.0%
Wisconsin5,742,11786.5%6.3%0.9%2.5%0.0%1.7%2.1%
Wyoming579,67991.0%1.1%2.2%0.9%0.1%2.1%2.7%
Puerto Rico3,583,07369.7%8.4%0.3%0.3%0.0%12.0%9.3%

Hispanic or Latino origin

CensusViewer US 2010 Census Latino Population as a heatmap by census tract.

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "Hispanic or Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. People who identify with the terms “Hispanic” or “Latino” are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires – “Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano” or ”Puerto Rican” or “Cuban” – as well as those who indicate that they are “another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.”[62] People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[60]

Hispanic or Latino and RacePopulation (2015 est.)Percentage of total population
Total316,515,021100%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)54,232,20517.1%
  White35,684,77711.3%
  Black or African American1,122,3690.3%
  American Indian and Alaska Native490,5570.1%
  Asian181,2310.0%
  Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander46,7240.0%
  Some other race14,226,8294.5%
  Two or more races2,479,7180.8%
Not Hispanic or Latino262,282,81682.9%
Population distribution by Hispanic origin 1970-2010 (in %)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2010.[52]

Years 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Not Hispanic or Latino 95.5 93.6 91.0 87.5 83.7
Hispanic or Latino 4.5 6.4 9.0 12.5 16.3
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100

Other groups

There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009,[63] meaning that less than 10% of Americans served in the Armed Forces.[64]

In 2010, The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million illegal immigrants in the country.[65]

There were about 2 million people in prison in 2010.[66]

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. One organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 0.99% and 1.13% of U.S. couples in 2000.[67] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005. A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[68]

A 2011 report by the Institute estimated that 4 million adults identify as gay or lesbian, representing 1.7% of the population over 18. A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to eliminate people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.[69] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same-sex couple households in the country as a whole, representing about 0.5% of the population.[68]

Projections

U.S. Census Population projections (2012)[70]
20152050
White Americans177.4%70.8%
> Non-Hispanic Whites61.8%46.6%
Black Americans113.2%14.4%
Asian Americans15.3%7.7%
Multiracial Americans12.6%5.4%
Hispanics/Latinos (of any race)17.8%28.0%
1 Including Hispanics

A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050, from 79.5% to 74.0%.[71] At the same time, Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2042, but will remain the largest single ethnic group. In 2050 they will compose 46.3% of the population. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[72]

The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 16% today to 30% by 2050, the Black percentage barely rising from 12.9% to 13.1%, and Asian Americans upping their 4.6% share to 7.8%. The United States had a population of 310 million people in October 2010, and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050.[22][73][74][75] It is further projected that 82% of the increase in population from 2005 to 2050 will be due to immigrants and their children.[76]

Of the nation's children in 2050, 62% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 44% today. Approximately 39% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 22% in 2008), and 38% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 56% in 2008).[77] Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of American children under 5 years old in 2015.[78]

Pew Research Center projections
Pew Research Center projections (2008)[79]
196020052050
White Americans85%67%47%
Hispanic Americans3.5%14%29%
Black Americans11%13%13%
Asian Americans0.6%5%9%
Note: All races modified and not Hispanic; American Indian/Alaska Native not shown.

The United Nations projects a population of just over 400 million in 2060.[80]

The country's racial profile will be vastly different, and although whites will remain the single largest racial group in the US, they will no longer be a majority by 2055 according to Pew Research Center. Growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations is predicted to almost triple over the next 40 years. By 2055, the breakdown is estimated to be 48% White, 24% Hispanic, 14% Asian, and 13% Black.[80]

As of 2015, 14% of the United States' population is foreign born, compared to just 5% in 1965. Nearly 39 million immigrants have come to the US since 1965, with most coming from Asia and Latin America. The 2015 Census Report predicts that the percentage of the US population that is foreign born will continue to increase, reaching 19% by 2060. This increase in the foreign-born population will account for a large share of the overall population growth.[80]

The average US citizen of 2060 is likely to be older than the average citizen of today, and almost one in four people will be 65 or older.[80]

U.S. Census Census Bureau projections

Percent minority 1970-2042 (2008 projections)

Note: “Minority” refers to people who reported their ethnicity and race as something other than non-Hispanic White alone in the decennial census.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2010, 2008 Population Projections, 2020-2042.[52]

Decennial census and population projections:[52]

Years197019801990200020102020203020402042
Percent minority (%)16.520.424.430.936.339.944.549.250.1

In 2008, the U.S. Census Bureau projected the future censuses as follows:[22]

Year Projection Actual result
2010310,232,863308,745,538
2020325,896,000
2030350,471,000
2040380,015,000
2050389,803,000

Religion

Religious affiliations in 2004

Major religions by overall percentage (2007).

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.[81] In 2004, the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion.[82]

In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012, Americans without a religion (atheists, agnostics, nothing in particular, etc.) approached the numbers of Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20% of Americans being nonreligious (compared to just over 26% being Evangelical Protestant). If this current growth rate continues, by 2050, around 51% of Americans will not have a religion.[83]

A survey conducted in 2014 by the same organization indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion rose to nearly 23% of the population, up from 16% in 2007.[84]

Religious body Year
reported
Places of
worship
Membership
(thousands)
Clergy
African Methodist Episcopal Church1999no data2,5007,741
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church20023,2261,4313,252
American Baptist Association19981,7602751,740
Amish, Old Order19938982273,592
American Baptist Churches USA19983,8001,5074,145
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America199822065263
Armenian Apostolic Church20101531,000200
Armenian Catholic Church201036
Assemblies of God200912,3712,91434,504
Baptist Bible Fellowship International19974,5001,200no data
Baptist General Conference1998876141no data
Baptist Missionary Association of America19991,3342351,525
Buddhism2001no data1,082no data
Christian and Missionary Alliance, The19981,9643461,629
Christian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren)19971,150100no data
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)20163,6244502,066
Christian churches and churches of Christ19985,5791,0725,525
Christian Congregation, Inc., The19981,4381171,436
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church19832,340719no data
Christian Reformed Church in North America1998733199655
Church of God in Christ199115,3005,50028,988
Church of God of Prophecy19971,908772,000
Church of God (Anderson, IN)19982,3532343,034
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)19956,0607533,121
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints201414,0186,46638,259
Church of the Brethren19971,095141827
Church of the Nazarene19985,1016274,598
Churches of Christ199915,0001,50014,500
Conservative Baptist Association of America19981,200200no data
Community of Christ19981,23614019,319
Coptic Orthodox Church20032001,000200
Cumberland Presbyterian Church199877487630
Episcopal Church20136,736[85]1,866[86]8,131
Evangelical Covenant Church, The199862897607
Evangelical Free Church of America, The19951,2242431,936
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America20119,638[87]4,050[87]9,646
Evangelical Presbyterian Church199818761262
Free Methodist Church of North America199899073no data
Full Gospel Fellowship19998962752,070
General Association of General Baptists1997790721,085
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches19981,415102no data
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches199636882590
Grace Gospel Fellowship199212860160
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America19985231,955596
Hinduism2001no data766no data
Independent Fundamental Churches of America199965962no data
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel19981,8512384,900
International Council of Community Churches1998150250182
International Pentecostal Holiness Church19981,7161771507
Islam2011no data2,600no data
Jainismno datano data50no data
Jehovah's Witnesses201413,8711,243no data
Judaism20063,7276,588no data
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, The19986,2182,5945,227
Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric20101950no data
Mennonite Church USA2005943114no data
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches199841667534
National Association of Free Will Baptists19982,2972102,800
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.19872,5003,5008,000
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.199233,0008,20032,832
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America1992no data2,500no data
Orthodox Church in America19986251,000700
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc.19981,7501,5004,500
Pentecostal Church of God19981,237104no data
Pentecostal Church International, United200828,3514,03722,881
Presbyterian Church in America19971,3402801,642
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)20169,4511,48219,721
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.19952,0002,500no data
Reformed Church in America1998902296915
Religious Society of Friends19941,200104no data
Roman Catholic Church200219,48466,40450,017 (1997)[88]
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate1996376537
Salvation Army, The19981,3884712,920
Scientology20051,30055[89] 1
Serbian Orthodox Church1986686760
Seventh-day Adventist Church19984,4058402,454
Sikhism199924480no data
Southern Baptist Convention201246,034[90]15,900[90]71,520
Unitarian Universalism2001no data629no data
United Church of Christ20165,0008805,868
United House of Prayer for All Peopleno data10025no data
United Methodist Church, The199836,1708,400no data
Wesleyan Church, The19981,5901201,806
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod19971,2404111,222
Zoroastrianism2006no data11no data

Religions of American adults

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one-third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[91]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

Source:ARIS 2008[91]
Group1990
adults
× 1,000
2001
adults
× 1,000
2008
adults
× 1,000

Numerical
Change
1990–
2008
as %
of 1990
1990
% of
adults
2001
% of
adults
2008
% of
adults
change
in % of
total
adults
1990–
2008
Adult population, total175,440207,983228,18230.1%
Adult population, Responded171,409196,683216,36726.2%97.7%94.6%94.8%–2.9%
Total Christian151,225159,514173,40214.7%86.2%76.7%76.0%–10.2%
Catholic46,00450,87357,19924.3%26.2%24.5%25.1%–1.2%
Non-Catholic Christian105,221108,641116,20310.4%60.0%52.2%50.9%–9.0%
Baptist33,96433,82036,1486.4%19.4%16.3%15.8%–3.5%
Mainline Protestant32,78435,78829,375–10.4%18.7%17.2%12.9%–5.8%
Methodist14,17414,03911,366–19.8%8.1%6.8%5.0%–3.1%
Lutheran9,1109,5808,674–4.8%5.2%4.6%3.8%–1.4%
Presbyterian4,9855,5964,723–5.3%2.8%2.7%2.1%–0.8%
Episcopalian/Anglican3,0433,4512,405–21.0%1.7%1.7%1.1%–0.7%
United Church of Christ4381,37873668.0%0.2%0.7%0.3%0.1%
Christian Generic25,98022,54632,44124.9%14.8%10.8%14.2%–0.6%
Jehovah's Witness1,3811,3311,91438.6%0.8%0.6%0.8%0.1%
Christian Unspecified8,07314,19016,384102.9%4.6%6.8%7.2%2.6%
Non-denominational Christian1942,4898,0324040.2%0.1%1.2%3.5%3.4%
Protestant - Unspecified17,2144,6475,187–69.9%9.8%2.2%2.3%–7.5%
Evangelical/Born Again5461,0882,154294.5%0.3%0.5%0.9%0.6%
Pentecostal/Charismatic5,6477,8317,94840.7%3.2%3.8%3.5%0.3%
Pentecostal - Unspecified3,1164,4075,41673.8%1.8%2.1%2.4%0.6%
Assemblies of God6171,10581031.3%0.4%0.5%0.4%0.0%
Church of God59094366312.4%0.3%0.5%0.3%0.0%
Other Protestant Denomination4,6305,9497,13154.0%2.6%2.9%3.1%0.5%
Seventh-Day Adventist66872493840.4%0.4%0.3%0.4%0.0%
Churches of Christ1,7692,5931,9218.6%1.0%1.2%0.8%–0.2%
Mormon/Latter-Day Saints2,4872,6973,15827.0%1.4%1.3%1.4%0.0%
Total non-Christian religions5,8537,7408,79650.3%3.3%3.7%3.9%0.5%
Jewish3,1372,8372,680–14.6%1.8%1.4%1.2%–0.6%
Eastern Religions6872,0201,961185.4%0.4%1.0%0.9%0.5%
Buddhist4041,0821,189194.3%0.2%0.5%0.5%0.3%
Muslim5271,1041,349156.0%0.3%0.5%0.6%0.3%
New Religious Movements & Others1,2961,7702,804116.4%0.7%0.9%1.2%0.5%
None/ No religion, total14,33129,48134,169138.4%8.2%14.2%15.0%6.8%
Agnostic+Atheist1,1861,8933,606204.0%0.7%0.9%1.6%0.9%
Did Not Know/ Refused to reply4,03111,30011,815193.1%2.3%5.4%5.2%2.9%

Marriage

In 2010, the median age for marriage for men was 27; for women, 26.[92]

Income

In 2006, the median household income in the United States was around $46,326. Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.

Median income levels
Households Persons, age 25 or older with earnings Household income by race or ethnicity
All households Dual earner
households
Per household
member
Males Females Both sexes Asian Non-Hispanic White Hispanic
(of any race)
Black
$46,326$67,348$23,535$39,403$26,507$32,140$57,518$48,977$34,241$30,134
Median personal income by educational attainment
MeasureSome High SchoolHigh school graduateSome collegeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degree or higherBachelor's degreeMaster's degreeProfessional degreeDoctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings$20,321$26,505$31,054$35,009$49,303$43,143$52,390$82,473$70,853
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings$24,192$32,085$39,150$42,382$60,493$52,265$67,123$100,000$78,324
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings$15,073$21,117$25,185$29,510$40,483$36,532$45,730$66,055$54,666
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time$25,039$31,539$37,135$40,588$56,078$50,944$61,273$100,000$79,401
Household$22,718$36,835$45,854$51,970$73,446$68,728$78,541$100,000$96,830
Household income distribution
Bottom 10%Bottom 20%Bottom 25%Middle 33%Middle 20%Top 25%Top 20%Top 5%Top 1.5%Top 1%
$0 to $10,500$0 to $18,500$0 to $22,500$30,000 to $62,500$35,000 to $55,000$77,500 and up$92,000 and up$167,000 and up$250,000 and up$350,000 and up
Source: US Census Bureau, 2006; income statistics for the year 2005

Economic class

Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:

Academic class models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 Leonard Beeghley, 2004
Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%) Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. Upper class (1%) Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. The super-rich (0.9%) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy. Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000. The rich (5%) Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)
College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar. Lower middle class (32%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%) Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.
Working class (32%) Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. Working class
(ca. 40–45%)
Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%) Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14–20%) Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. The poor (ca. 12%) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.
References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ISBN 0534541100. (see also Gilbert Model);
Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.

Health

In 2010, the average man weighed 194.7 pounds (88.3 kg); the average woman 164.7 pounds (74.7 kg).[93] The height of an American man was 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m)[94] and woman 5 feet 3.8 inches (1.621 m)[95] The average BMI is 27.3 for males (overweight) and 28.5 for females (overweight).[96]

According to a Gallup poll in 2012, an estimated 26% of the population were obese,[97] 21% smoked,[98] and 11% had diabetes.[99]

A nationwide study reported by The New York Times in 2010 indicated that 19.5% of teens, aged 12–19, had developed "slight" hearing loss. "Slight" was defined as an inability to hear at 16 to 24 decibels.[100]

According to the Centers for Disease Control in 2011, an estimated 1.2 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in the United States.[101]

Generational cohorts

A study by William Strauss and Neil Howe, in their books Generations and Fourth Turning, looked at generational similarities and differences going back to the 15th century and concluded that over 80-year spans, generations proceed through four stages of about 20 years each.

A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (2012) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"[102] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident.

Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts:

  • Lost Generation – born from approximately 1883 to 1900.
  • G.I. Generation – born from approximately 1901 to 1924 (in the U.S. the depression cohort who fought and won World War II).
  • Silent Generation – born from approximately 1925 to 1942[103] during the Great Depression and World War II.[104] The label was originally applied to people in North America but has also been applied to those in Western Europe, Australasia and South America. It includes most of those who fought during the Korean War.
  • Baby Boomers – There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends; demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the early-to-mid 1940s and ending birth years ranging from 1960 to 1964.
  • Generation X – demographers and researchers typically use birth years ranging from the early-to-mid 1960s to the early 1980s.[105]
    • In the U.S., some called Generation Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in the birth rate following the baby boom.[106] The drop in fertility rates in America began in the late 1950s. But according to authors and demographers William Strauss and Neil Howe (who use 1961 to 1981 for Gen X birth years), there are approximately 88.5 million Gen Xers in the U.S. today.[107][108]
  • Millennials (also known as Generation Y) – demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.
  • Generation Z (also known as Homelanders or Digital Natives) – demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years that range from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s, and as of yet there is little consensus about ending birth years.

U.S. demographic birth cohorts

Birth rate has dropped since 1957.

Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relatively large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.

From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.[109]

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review (beginning of 2018).[80]

  • One birth every 8 seconds
  • One death every 12 seconds
  • One net migrant every 35 seconds
  • Net gain of one person every 14 seconds

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[51]

A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex in 2017.
Population of the U.S. by age and sex (demographic pyramid) as of July 2015.

Ages

Median ages are 38.1 years; males are 36.8 years; females are 39.4 years; Country comparison to the world: 60th; estimated as of 2017.[51]

As of 2017, people are distributed by age as follows:[51]

  • 0-14 years: 18.73% (male 31,255,995/female 29,919,938)
  • 15-24 years: 13.27% (male 22,213,952/female 21,137,826)
  • 25-54 years: 39.45% (male 64,528,673/female 64,334,499)
  • 55-64 years: 12.91% (male 20,357,880/female 21,821,976)
  • 65 years and over: 15.63% (male 22,678,235/female 28,376,817)

Age distribution: 1940 and 2010

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 1940 Census and 2010 Census.[52]

Year 0–18 years 18–44 years 45–64 years 65 years and over
1940 30.6% 42.8% 19.8% 6.8%
2010 24.0% 36.5% 26.4% 13.0%

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.4 years, estimated as of 2015.[51]

Birth, growth and death rates

The growth rate is 0.81% as estimated from 2017. Country comparison to the world: 129th[51]

Live births in the United States, 1934–2004

The birth rate is 12.5 births/1,000 population, estimated as of 2017 and 2013. Country comparison to the world: 158th. This was the lowest since records began. There were 3,957,577 births in 2013.[110]

13.9 births/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2008)
14.3 births/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2007)[111]

In 2009, Time magazine reported that 40% of births were to unmarried women.[112] The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 17% Asian, 29% White, 53% Hispanics, 66% Native Americans, and 72% Black American.[113]

The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Great Recession.[114]

A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that more than half (51 percent) of live hospital births in 2008 and 2011 were male.[115]

Per U.S. federal government data released in March 2011, births fell 4% from 2007 to 2009, the largest drop in the U.S. for any two-year period since the 1970s.[116] Births have declined for three consecutive years, and are now 7% below the peak in 2007.[117] This drop has continued through 2010, according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics in June 2011.[118] Numerous experts have suggested that this decline is largely a reflection of unfavorable economic conditions.[119] This connection between birth rates and economic downturns partly stems from the fact that American birth rates have now fallen to levels that are comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s.[120] Teen birth rates in the U.S. are at the lowest level in U.S. history.[121] In fact, teen birth rates in the U.S. have consistently decreased since 1991 through 2011, except for a brief increase between 2005 and 2007.[121] The other aberration from this otherwise steady decline in teen birth rates is the 6% decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009.[121] Despite these years of decrease, U.S. teen birth rates are still higher than in other developed nations.[121] Racial differences prevail with teen birth and pregnancy rates as well. The American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teen birth rate.[122]

Birth data

Note: Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.[123][9] Also note that growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.

Race of mother Number of births
in 2014
% of all
born
TFR
(2014)
Number of births
in 2015
% of all
born
TFR
(2015)
Increase
Decrease
White
3,019,863
75.72% 1.876
3,012,855
75.73% 1.864 Decrease0.23%
> Non-Hispanic
2,149,302
53.89 1.763
2,130,279
53.54% 1.746
Decrease0.89%
Black
640,562
16.06% 1.872
640,079
16.09% 1.853 Decrease0.075%
> Non-Hispanic
588,891
14.77% 1.874
589,047
14.80% 1.857
Increase0.03%
Asian and Pacific islander
282,723
7.09% 1.715
281,264
7.07% 1.646 Decrease0.52%
Native (incl. Alaska native)
44,928
1.13% 1.289
44,299
1.11% 1.263 Decrease1.40%
Total
3,988,076
100% 1.862
3,978,497
100% 1.843 Decrease0.24%

NOTE:

  • TFR = Total fertility rate.
  • Growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.
Ethnicity of mother Number of births
in 2014
TFR
(2014)
Number of births
in 2015
TFR
(2015)
Increase
Decrease
Non-Hispanic (of any race)
3,043,519
1.793
3,021,999
1.770 Decrease0.71%
Hispanic (of any race)
914,065
2.131
924,048
2.124 Increase1.09%
Foreign-born fertility rate (‰) by race
and those of Hispanic origin[124]
Race 2008 2011 2013
White 2.29 2.01 1.94
Black 2.51 2.57 2.35
Asian 2.25 2.02 1.93
Other 1.80 2.04 2.06
Hispanic (of any race) 3.15 2.77 2.46
Total 2.75 2.45 2.22
Age group Total
(of population)
White alone
(of race/age group)
Black alone
(of race/age group)
Mixed and/or Some Other Race
(of race/age group)
Asian alone
(of race/age group)
Either American Indian or Alaska Native
(of race/age group)
Either Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
(of race/age group)
Total308745538
(100%)
223553265
(72.41%)
38929319
(12.61%)
28116441
(9.11%)
14674252
(4.75%)
2932248
(0.95%)
540013
(0.17%)
0–420201362
(6.5%)
12795675
(5.7%/63.34%)
2902590
(7.5%/14.37%)
3315480
(11.8%/16.41%)
898011
(6.1%/4.45%)
244615
(8.3%/1.21%)
44991
(8.3%/0.22%)
5–920348657
(6.6%)
13293799
(5.9%/65.33%)
2882597
(7.4%/14.17%)
2957487
(10.5%/14.53%)
928248
(6.3%/4.56%)
243259
(8.3%/1.20%)
43267
(8.0%/0.21%)
10–1420677194
(6.7%)
13737332
(6.1%/66.44%)
3034266
(7.8%/14.67%)
2736570
(9.7%/13.23%)
881590
(6.0%/4.26%)
245049
(8.4%/1.19%)
42387
(7.8%/0.20%)
15–1922040343
(7.1%)
14620638
(6.5%/66.35%)
3448051
(8.9%/15.64%)
2704571
(9.6%/12.27%)
956028
(6.5%/4.34%)
263805
(9.0%/1.20%)
47250
(8.7%/0.21%)
20–2421585999
(7.0%)
14535947
(6.5%/67.34%)
3111397
(8.0%/14.41%)
2538967
(9.0%/11.76%)
1106222
(7.5%/5.12%)
240716
(8.2%/1.12%)
52750
(9.8%/0.24%)
25–2921101849
(6.8%)
14345364
(6.4%/67.98%)
2786254
(7.2%/13.20%)
2464343
(8.8%/11.68%)
1234322
(8.4%/5.85%)
221654
(7.6%/1.05%)
49912
(9.2%/0.24%)
30–3419962099
(6.5%)
13573270
(6.1%/68.00%)
2627925
(6.8%/13.16%)
2273322
(8.1%/11.39%)
1240906
(8.5%/6.22%)
202928
(6.9%/1.02%)
43748
(8.1%/0.22%)
35–3920179642
(6.5%)
13996797
(6.3%/69.36%)
2613389
(6.7%/12.95%)
2038408
(7.2%/10.10%)
1296301
(8.8%/6.42%)
196017
(6.7%/0.97%)
38730
(7.2%/0.19%)
40–4420890964
(6.8%)
15052798
(6.7%/72.05%)
2669034
(6.9%/12.78%)
1782463
(6.3%/8.53%)
1155565
(7.9%/5.53%)
194713
(6.6%/0.93%)
36391
(6.7%/0.17%)
45–4922708591
(7.4%)
17028255
(7.6%/74.99%)
2828657
(7.3%/12,46%)
1532117
(5.4%/6.75%)
1076060
(7.3%/4.74%)
207857
(7.1%/0.92%)
35645
(6.6%/0.16%)
50–5422298125
(7.2%)
17178632
(7.7%/77.04%)
2694247
(6.9%/12.08%)
1222175
(4.3%/5.48%)
980282
(6.7%/4.40%)
191893
(6.5%/0.86%)
30896
(5.7%/0.14%)
55–5919664805
(6.4%)
15562187
(7.0%/79.14%)
2205820
(5.7%/11.22%)
873943
(3.1%/4.44%)
844490
(5.8%/4.29%)
154320
(5.3%/0.78%)
24045
(4.5%/0.12%)
60–6416817924
(5.4%)
13693334
(6.1%/81.42%)
1686695
(4.3%/10.03%)
611144
(2.2%/3.63%)
689601
(4.7%/4.10%)
118362
(4.0%/0.70%)
18788
(3.5%/0.11%)
65–6912435263
(4.0%)
10313002
(4.6%/82.93%)
1162577
(3.0%/9.35%)
394208
(1.4%/3.17%)
474327
(3.2%/3.81%)
79079
(2.7%/0.64%)
12070
(2.2%/0.10%)
70–749278166
(3.0%)
7740932
(3.5%/83.43%)
852317
(2.2%/9.19%)
268574
(1.0%/2.89%)
354268
(2.4%/3.82%)
53926
(1.8%/0.58%)
8149
(1.5%/0.09%)
75–797317795
(2.4%)
6224569
(2.8%/85.06%)
616789
(1.6%/8.43%)
184596
(0.7%/2.52%)
251210
(1.7%/3.43%)
35268
(1.2%/0.48%)
5363
(1.0%/0.07%)
80–845743327
(1.9%)
5002427
(2.2%/87.10%)
424592
(1.1%/7.39%)
122249
(0.4%/2.13%)
168879
(1.2%/2.94%)
21963
(0.7%/0.38%)
3217
(0.6%/0.06%)
85+5493433
(1.8%)
4858307
(2.2%/88.44%)
382122
(1.0%/6.96%)
95824
(0.3%/1.74%)
137942
(0.9%/2.51%)
16824
(0.6%/0.31%)
2414
(0.4%/0.04%)

Death rate

As of July 2010, it was estimated that there were 8.18 deaths/1,000 population per year.[125] In 2015 it was 8.44/1,000 population/year.[126]

Immigration and emigration

13% of the population was foreign-born in 2009 – a rise of 350% since 1970 when foreign-born people accounted for 3.7% of the population,[127] including 11.2 million illegal immigrants,[128] 80% of whom come from Latin America.[129] Latin America is the largest region-of-birth group, accounting for over half (53%) of all foreign born population in US,[130] and thus is also the largest source of both legal and illegal immigration to US.[131] In 2011, there are 18.1 million naturalized citizens in the United States, accounting for 45% of the foreign-born population (40.4 million) and 6% of the total US population at the time,[132] and around 680,000 legal immigrants are naturalized annually.[133]

3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population, estimated in 2017. Country comparison to the world: 29th.[51] 4.32 people migrate per 1,000 population, estimated in 2010.

Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents, Top Five Sending Countries, 2011[134]
Country 2011
Mexico 143,446
China 87,016
India 69,013
Philippines 57,011
Dominican Rep. 46,019
Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by Region, 2011[134]
Region 2011
Asia 451,593
Americas 419,996
Africa 100,336
Europe 83,635
All immigrants 1,062,040

Sex ratios

As of 2010:

At birth: 1.048 male / female
Under 15 years: 1.04 male / female
15–64 years: 1 male / female
65 years and over: 0.75 male / female
Total population: 0.97 male / female

Infant mortality rate

As of 2017:[51]

Total: 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 170th
Male: 6.3 deaths per 1,000 live births
Female: 5.3 deaths per 1,000 live births

Life expectancy

As of 2017:[51]

Total population: 80 years Country comparison to the world: 43rd
Male: 77.7 years
Female: 82.2 years
U.S. unemployment by state in December 2015 (official, or U3 rate).[135]
  <3.0%
  <3.5%
  <4.0%
  <4.5%
  <5.0%
  <5.5%
  <6.0%
  <6.5%
  ≥6.5%

Total fertility rate

As of 2017:

1.87 children born per woman. Country comparison to the world: 143rd[51]

Unemployment rate

As of July 2017, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.3 percent (U3 rate).[136]

As of July 2016, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent (U3 rate).[136]

As of July 2015, the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent (U3 rate).[137]

As of July 2014, the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent (U3 rate).[136]

The U6 unemployment rate as of April 2017 was 8.6 percent.[138] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Note that some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U3 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have gotten discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.[139]

Mobility

In 2013, about 15% of Americans moved. Most of these, 67%, moved within the same county. Of the 33% who moved beyond local county boundaries, 13% of those moved more than 200 miles (320 km).[140]

See also

Lists:

Income:

Population:

Notes

  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads an aging population and the result is that the population reduces.

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