Demographics of Costa Rica

Demographics of Costa Rica
Population 4,857,274[1]

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Costa Rica, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

According to the United Nations, in 2016 Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,857,274 people.[1] Together, whites and mestizos make up a 83.4% of the population, 7% are black people (including mulattoes), 2.4% Amerindians, 0.2% Asians, and 7% other/none. [2]

In 2010, just under 3% of the population is of black African descent who are called Afro-Costa Ricans or West Indians and are English-speaking descendants of 19th-century black Jamaican immigrant workers. Another 1% is composed of ethnic Chinese, and less than 1% are Middle Easterners, mainly of Lebanese descent but also Palestinians. The 2011 Census provided the following data: whites and mestizos make up a 83.4% of the population, 7% are black people (including mulattoes), 2.4% Amerindians, 0.2% Asians, and 7% other/none. [3]

There is also a community of North American retirees from the United States and Canada, followed by fairly large numbers of European Union expatriates (esp. Scandinavians and from Germany) come to retire as well, and Australians. Immigration to Costa Rica made up 9% of the population in 2012. This included permanent settlers as well as migrants who were hoping to reach the U.S.[4] In 2015, there were some 420,000 immigrants in Costa Rica[5] and the number of asylum seekers (mostly from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua) rose to more than 110,000.[6] An estimated 10% of the Costa Rican population in 2014 was made up of Nicaraguans.[7]

The indigenous population today numbers about 60,000 (just over 1% of the population) with some Miskito and Garifuna (a population of mixed black African and Carib Indian descent) living in the coastal regions.

Costa Rica's emigration is the smallest in the Caribbean Basin and is among the smallest in the Americas. By 2015 about just 133,185 (2.77%) of the country's people live in another country as immigrants. The main destination countries are the United States (85,924), Nicaragua (10,772), Panama (7,760), Canada (5,039), Spain (3,339), Mexico (2,464), Germany (1,891), Italy (1,508), Guatemala (1,162) and Venezuela (1,127). [8]

Costa Rica's population, (1961-2003).

Population and ancestry

In 2016, Costa Rica had a population of 4,857,274. The population is increasing at a rate of 1.5% per year. At current trends the population will increase to 9,158,000 in about 46 years.[9] The population density is 94 people per square km, the third highest in Central America.

Approximately 40% lived in rural areas and 60% in urban areas. The rate of urbanization estimated for the period 2005–2015 is 2.74% per annum,[10] one of the highest among developing countries. About 75% of the population live in the upper lands (above 500 meters) where temperature is cooler and milder.

The 2011 census counted a population of 4.3 million people[11] distributed among the following groups: 83.6% whites or mestizos, 6.7% mulattoes, 2.4% Native American, 1.1% black or Afro-Caribbean; the census showed 1.1% as Other, 2.9% (141,304 people) as None, and 2.2% (107,196 people) as unspecified.[12]

In 2011, there were over 104,000 Native American or indigenous inhabitants, representing 2.4% of the population. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups: Quitirrisí (in the Central Valley), Matambú or Chorotega (Guanacaste), Maleku (northern Alajuela), Bribri (southern Atlantic), Cabécar (Cordillera de Talamanca), Guaymí (southern Costa Rica, along the Panamá border), Boruca (southern Costa Rica) and Térraba (southern Costa Rica).

The population includes European Costa Ricans (of European ancestry), primarily of Spanish descent,[13] with significant numbers of Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community. The majority of the Afro-Costa Ricans are Creole English-speaking descendants of 19th century black Jamaican immigrant workers.

Costa Rican school children

The 2011 census classified 83.6% of the population as white or Mestizo; the latter are persons of combined European and Amerindian descent. The Mulatto segment (mix of white and black) represented 6.7% and indigenous people made up 2.4% of the population.[13] Native and European mixed blood populations are far less than in other Latin American countries. Exceptions are Guanacaste, where almost half the population is visibly mestizo, a legacy of the more pervasive unions between Spanish colonists and Chorotega Amerindians through several generations, and Limón, where the vast majority of the Afro-Costa Rican community lives.


Province Province population City City population
San José Province 1,345,750 San José 350,535
Alajuela Province 716,286 Alajuela 46,554
Cartago Province 432,395 Cartago 156,600
Puntarenas Province 357,483 Puntarenas 102,504
Heredia Province 354,732 Heredia 42,600
Limón Province 339,395 Puerto Limon 105,000
Guanacaste Province 264,238 Liberia 98,751

Education

According to the United Nations, Costa Rica's literacy rate stands at 95.8%,[14] the fifth highest among American countries. Costa Rica's Education Index in 2006 was 0.882; higher than that of richer countries, such as Singapore and Mexico. Costa Rica's gross enrolment ratio is 73.0%, smaller than that of the neighbors countries of El Salvador and Honduras.[15]

All students must complete primary school and secondary school, between 6 and 15 years. Some students drop out because they must work to help support their families. In 2007 there were 536,436 pupils enrolled in 3,771 primary schools and 377,900 students attended public and private secondary schools.[16]

Costa Rica's main universities are the University of Costa Rica, in San Pedro and the National University of Costa Rica, in Heredia. Costa Rica also has several small private universities.

Emigration

Costa Rica's emigration is among the smallest in the Caribbean Basin. About 3% of the country's people live in another country as immigrants. The main destination countries are the United States, Spain, Mexico and other Central American countries. In 2005, there were 127,061 Costa Ricans living in another country as immigrants. Remittances were $513,000,000 in 2006 and they represented 2.3% of the country's GDP.

Immigration

Costa Rica's immigration is among the largest in the Caribbean Basin. According to the 2011 census 385,899 residents were born abroad.[17] The vast majority were born in Nicaragua (287,766). Other countries of origin were Colombia (20,514), United States (16,898), Spain (16,482) and Panama (11,250). Outward Remittances were $246,000,000 in 2006.

Migrants

According to the World Bank, about 489,200 migrants lived in the country in 2010 mainly from Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize, while 125,306 Costa Ricans live abroad in the United States, Panama, Nicaragua, Spain, Mexico, Canada, Germany, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, and Ecuador.[18] The number of migrants declined in later years but in 2015, there were some 420,000 immigrants in Costa Rica[5] and the number of asylum seekers (mostly from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua) rose to more than 110,000, a fivefold increase from 2012.[6] In 2016, the country was called a "magnet" for migrants from South and Central America and other countries who were hoping to reach the U.S.[19][20]

European Costa Ricans

European Costa Ricans
Total population
c. 3,597,000[21][22]
Languages
Costa Rican Spanish, English
Religion
Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%, Buddhism 2%[23]
Related ethnic groups
White Latin Americans, White Caribbeans

European Costa Ricans are people from Costa Rica whose ancestry lies within the continent of Europe, most notably Spain. According to DNA studies, around 67%[24] of the population have some level of European ancestry.[21]

Percentages of the Costa Rican population by race are known as the national census does have the question of ethnicity included in its form. As for 2012 65.80% of Costa Ricans identify themselves as white/castizo and 13.65% as mestizo, giving around 80% of Caucasian population. This, however, is based in self-identification and not in scientific studies. According to PLoS Genetics Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos study of 2012, Costa Ricans have 67% of European ancestry, 29% aboriginal and 3% African.[25] According to CIA Factbook, Costa Rica has white or mestizo population of the 83.6%.[13]

Cristopher Columbus and crew were the first Europeans ever to set foot on what is now Costa Rica in Columbus last trip when he arrived to Uvita Island (modern day Limón province) in 1502.[26] Costa Rica was part of the Spanish Empire and colonized by Spaniards mostly Castilians, Basque and Sefardi Jews. After the independence large migrations of wealthy Americans, Germans, French and British businessmen[26] came to the country encouraged by the government and followed by their families and employees (many of them technicians and professionals) creating colonies and mixing with the population, especially the high and middle classes.[27] Later, more humble migrations of Italians, Spanish (mostly Catalans) and Arab (mostly Lebanese and Syrians) migrants visit the country escaping economical crisis in their home countries, setting in large, more closed colonies.[26] Polish migrants, mostly Ashkenazi Jews escaping anti-Semitism and nazi persecution in Europe also migrated to the country in large numbers.[26] In 1901 president Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra closes the country to all non-white immigration forbidding the entrance of all Black African, Chinese, Arab, Turkish or Gypsy migration in the country. After the beginning of the Spanish Civil War large migration of Republican refugees also settle in the country, mostly Castilians, Galicians and Asturians,[27] as later Chilean, Mexican and Colombian[26] migrants would leave their countries traveling to Costa Rica escaping from war or dictatorships as Costa Rica is the longest running democracy in Latin America and unlike most of its neighbors had no dictatorship during the 20th century.[26][27]

Ethnic groups

The following listing is taken from a publication of the Costa Rica 2011 Census:[28]

  • Mestizos and Whites - 3,597,847 = 83.64%
  • Mulatto - 289,209 = 6.72%
  • Indigenous - 104,143 = 2.42%
  • Black/Afro-Caribbean - 45,228 = 1.05%
  • Chinese/Asian - 9 170 = 0.21%
  • Other - 36 334 = 0.84%
  • Did not state - 95,140 = 2.21%

Vital statistics[29][30]

Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) TFR
1934 558 23 85810 02013 838 44.218.625.6
1935 572 24 93412 63012 304 45.222.922.3
1936 585 25 45011 81113 639 45.221.024.2
1937 599 25 62411 03214 592 44.519.225.3
1938 615 26 83910 42216 417 45.517.727.8
1939 631 27 02711 68715 340 44.719.325.4
1940 648 28 00411 21116 793 45.318.127.2
1941 664 28 82311 42917 394 45.518.127.4
1942 680 28 26313 55914 704 43.721.022.7
1943 697 30 46811 73418 734 46.117.728.4
1944 716 29 93511 29518 640 44.216.727.5
1945 736 32 52910 76821 761 46.815.531.3
1946 759 32 1599 97122 188 45.013.931.1
1947 787 32 60010 96721 633 44.714.929.8
1948 808 35 95610 66625 290 44.513.231.3
1949 832 36 77410 56626 208 44.212.731.5
1950 966 39 94310 48029 463 41.310.830.5
1951 994 43 06810 39032 678 43.310.532.9
1952 1 025 45 81610 67235 144 44.710.434.3
1953 1 058 45 69711 35334 344 43.210.732.5
1954 1 093 48 85710 68138 176 44.79.834.9
1955 1 129 49 80011 00039 269 44.19.734.8
1956 1 167 51 35010 47640 874 44.09.035.1
1957 1 206 52 86011 54441 316 43.99.634.3
1958 1 246 53 91910 60843 311 43.38.534.8
1959 1 289 57 80111 16046 641 44.88.736.2
1960 1 334 59 70111 03548 666 44.88.336.5
1961 1 382 60 64110 64449 997 43.97.736.2
1962 1 431 60 75011 95348 797 42.58.434.1
1963 1 482 62 82112 51950 302 42.48.534.0
1964 1 533 61 87013 52748 343 40.48.831.6
1965 1 583 62 40012 81449 586 39.48.131.3
1966 1 633 62 33011 40350 927 38.27.031.2
1967 1 681 61 22911 28949 940 36.46.729.7
1968 1 729 60 90210 65350 249 35.26.229.1
1969 1 776 59 63611 59948 037 33.66.527.1
1970 1 822 59 55711 50448 053 32.76.326.4
1971 1 867 58 13810 57547 563 31.25.725.5
1972 1 911 59 27410 85548 419 31.05.725.4
1973 1 956 58 1779 70248 475 29.85.024.8
1974 2 002 57 7499 51248 237 28.94.824.1
1975 2 052 59 1759 61549 560 28.94.724.2
1976 2 105 60 6689 35651 312 28.84.424.4
1977 2 162 64 1908 90755 283 29.74.125.6
1978 2 222 67 7228 62559 097 30.53.926.6
1979 2 284 69 3189 14360 175 30.44.026.4
1980 2 348 70 0489 26861 780 29.83.926.3
1981 2 415 72 2948 99063 304 30.03.726.2
1982 2 483 73 1689 16864 000 29.53.725.8
1983 2 554 72 9449 43263 536 28.63.724.9
1984 2 626 76 8789 93166 217 29.03.825.2
1985 2 699 84 33710 49373 841 31.33.927.4
1986 2 773 83 19410 44972 745 30.03.826.3
1987 2 848 80 32610 68769 639 28.23.824.5
1988 2 924 81 37610 94470 432 27.83.724.1
1989 3 001 83 46011 27272 188 27.83.824.1
1990 3 079 81 93911 36670 573 26.63.722.9
1991 3 156 81 11011 79269 318 25.73.722.0
1992 3 234 80 16412 25367 911 24.83.821.0
1993 3 312 79 71412 54467 170 24.13.820.3
1994 3 394 80 39113 31367 078 23.73.919.8
1995 3 478 80 30614 06166 245 23.14.019.0
1996 3 567 79 20313 99365 210 22.23.918.3
1997 3 658 78 01814 26063 758 21.33.917.4
1998 3 751 76 98214 70862 274 20.53.916.6
1999 3 842 78 52615 05263 474 20.43.916.5
2000 3 930 78 17814 94463 234 19.93.816.1
2001 4 013 76 40115 60860 793 19.03.915.1
2002 4 094 71 14415 00456 140 17.43.713.7
2003 4 171 72 93815 80057 138 17.53.813.7
2004 4 246 72 24715 94956 298 17.03.813.3
2005 4 320 71 54816 13955 409 16.63.712.8
2006 4 392 71 29116 76654 525 16.23.812.4
2007 4 463 73 14417 07156 073 16.43.812.6
2008 4 533 75 18718 02157 166 16.64.012.6
2009 4 601 75 00018 56056 440 16.24.012.21.974
2010 4 670 70 92219 07751 845 15.54.211.41.810
2011 4 738 73 45918 80154 658 15.94.111.81.870
2012 4 652 73 32619 20054 126 15.74.111.61.88
2013 4 713 70 55019 64750 903 15.04.210.81.76
2014 4 773 71 79320 55351 240 15.04.310.71.86
2015 4 832 71 81921 03950 780 14.94.310.61.75
2016 4 890 70 00422 60347 401 14.34.69.71.70
2017 4 947 68 81623 25145 565 13.94.79.21.67

Current vital statistics

[31]

  • Births January-June 2017 = Decrease 34,408
  • Births January-June 2018 = Decrease 32,464
  • Deaths January-June 2017 = Negative increase 11,238
  • Deaths January-June 2018 = Negative increase 11,640
  • Natural growth January-June 2016 = Decrease 23,170
  • Natural growth January-June 2017 = Decrease 20,824

Structure of the population[32]

Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates - the source of data is the national household survey):

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 2 292 438 2 425 243 4 717 681 100
0-4 150 283 145 961 296 244 6,28
5-9 176 081 156 423 332 504 7,05
10-14 195 708 196 136 391 844 8,31
15-19 222 594 217 301 439 895 9,32
20-24 218 828 215 580 434 408 9,21
25-29 197 545 194 367 391 912 8,31
30-34 160 768 177 763 338 531 7,18
35-39 138 888 155 834 294 722 6,25
40-44 145 992 161 421 307 413 6,52
45-49 142 482 166 117 308 599 6,54
50-54 156 458 164 848 321 306 6,81
55-59 114 470 127 144 241 614 5,12
60-64 82 167 97 904 180 071 3,82
65-69 62 361 75 530 137 891 2,92
70-74 45 537 57 488 103 025 2,18
75-79 38 844 48 878 83 722 1,77
80-84 25 656 33 631 59 287 1,26
85-89 12 321 17 721 30 042 0,64
90-94 4 745 10 670 15 415 0,33
95+ 1 710 2 368 4 078 0,09
unknown 3 000 2 158 5 158 0,11
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 522 072 498 520 1 020 592 21,63
15-64 1 580 192 1 676 121 3 256 313 69,02
65+ 187 174 248 444 435 618 9,23

Life expectancy at birth

Period Life expectancy in

Years

 Period Life expectancy in

Years

1950–1955 56.0 1985–1990 75.1
1955–1960 58.8 1990–1995 76.1
1960–1965 62.4 1995–2000 77.0
1965–1970 65.2 2000–2005 77.8
1970–1975 67.7 2005–2010 78.4
1975–1980 70.5 2010–2015 79.2
1980–1985 73.4

Source: UN World Population Prospects[33]

Languages

Nearly all Costa Ricans speak Spanish; but many blacks speak a traditional Jamaican dialect of English, also a few of the Natives speak their own language, such as the case of the Ngobes.

Religions

Religion in Costa Rica[34][35]

  Catholicism (70.5%)
  Protestantism (13.8%)
  Irreligion (11.3%)
  Buddhism (2.1%)
  Other religions (2.2%)

According to the World Factbook the main religions are: Roman Catholic, 76.3%; Evangelical, 13.7%; Jehovah's Witnesses, 1.3%; other Protestant, 0.7%; other, 4.8%; none, 3.2%.

The most recent nationwide survey of religion in Costa Rica, conducted in 2007 by the University of Costa Rica, found that 70.5 percent of the population identify themselves as Roman Catholics (with 44.9 percent practicing, 25.6 percent nonpracticing), 13.8 percent are Evangelical Protestants, 11.3 percent report that they do not have a religion, and 4.3 percent declare that they belong to another religion.[36]

Apart from the dominant Catholic religion, there are several other religious groups in the country.[36] Methodist, Lutheran, Episcopal, Baptist, and other Protestant groups have significant membership.[36] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) claim more than 35,000 members and has a temple in San José that served as a regional worship center for Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua, and Honduras.[36][37]

Although they represent less than 1 percent of the population, Jehovah's Witnesses have a strong presence on the Caribbean coast.[36] Seventh-day Adventists operate a university that attracts students from throughout the Caribbean Basin.[36] The Unification Church maintains its continental headquarters for Latin America in San José.[36]

Non-Christian religious groups, including followers of Judaism, Islam, Taoism, Hare Krishna, Paganism, Wicca, Scientology, Tenrikyo, and the Bahá'í Faith, claim membership throughout the country, with the majority of worshipers residing in the Central Valley (the area of the capital).[36] While there is no general correlation between religion and ethnicity, indigenous peoples are more likely to practice animism than other religions.[36]

Article 75 of the Costa Rican Constitution states that the "Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Religion is the official religion of the Republic".[38] That same article provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.[36] The US government found no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007.[36]

Demographic statistics

The Basilica Los Angeles, Cartago, Costa Rica.

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook[39]

Nationality

  • noun: Costa Rican(s)
  • adjective: Costa Rican

Population

  • 4,872,543 (July 2016 est.)

Languages

Ethnic groups

  • Mestizos and whites 83.6%
  • Mulato 6.7%
  • Indigenous 2.4%
  • Black of African descent 1.1%
  • Other 1.1%
  • None 2.9%
  • Unspecified 2.2% (2011 est.)

Religions

Median age

  • Total: 30.9 years
  • Male: 30.4 years
  • Female: 31.3 years (2016 est.)

Sex ratio

  • At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 0–14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15–24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  • 25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  • 55–64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
  • Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Infant mortality rate

  • Total: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births
  • Male: 9 deaths/1,000 live births
  • Female: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

  • Total population: 78.6 years
  • Male: 75.9 years
  • Female: 81.3 years (2016 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.33%
People living with HIV/AIDS: 10,000
Deaths:200 (2015 est.)

Literacy

  • Total population: 97.8%
  • Male: 97.7%
  • Female: 97.8% (2015 est.)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  2. ↑ Costa Rica es multirracial, último censo lo pone en evidencia
  3. ↑ Costa Rica es multirracial, último censo lo pone en evidencia
  4. ↑ "Principal". Inec.go.cr. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  5. 1 2 "International Migrants by Country". Pewglobal.org. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  6. 1 2 Holpuch, Amanda (26 July 2016). "US partners with Costa Rica to protect Central American refugees". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  7. ↑ Cherry, Andrew; Mary Dillon (2014). International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy: Medical, Psychosocial, and Public Health Responses. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4899-8026-7. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Costa Rica - Emigrantes totales (in spanish) Según los últimos datos publicados Costa Rica tiene 133.185 emigrantes, lo que supone un 2,77% de la población de Costa Rica. Si miramos el ranking de emigrantes vemos que tiene un porcentaje de emigrantes medio, ya que está en el puesto 44º de los 195 del ranking de emigrantes.
  9. ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, Highlights, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.202" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York. 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  10. ↑ "Field listing: Urbanization: Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  11. ↑ "Costa Rica Population Statistics". Costaricalaw.com. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  12. ↑ "Live Costa Rica Population Clock 2017 - Polulation of Costa Rica Today". Livepopulation.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
  14. ↑ "Human development indices" (PDF). Hdr.undp.org. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008.
  15. ↑ "Human Development Report 2009: Costa Rica". Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009.
  16. ↑ "Costa Rica". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
  17. ↑ Censo 2011 Archived November 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ "Costa Rica country profile (from the Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011)" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
  19. ↑ "Costa Rica Becomes A Magnet For Migrants". Npr.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  20. ↑ "Nicaragua, Trump, Deportations and the Affect on Family Remittances - Havana Times.org". Havanatimes.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  21. 1 2 "Ticos tenemos más de africanos y chinos de lo que se pensaba" [Costa Rica has more Africans and Chinese than was thought]. Nacion.com. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  22. ↑ http://www.crhoy.com/costa-rica-es-multirracial-ultimo-censo-lo-pone-en-evidencia/
  23. ↑ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  24. ↑ Wang, S; Ray, N; Rojas, W; et al. (March 21, 2008). "Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos". PLOS Genetics. 4 (3): e1000037. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037. PMC 2265669. PMID 18369456.
  25. ↑ Wang, S; Ray, N; Rojas, W; et al. (March 2008). "Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos Tabla". PLoS Genetics. 4 (3): e1000037. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037. PMC 2265669. PMID 18369456.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Costa Rica". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  27. 1 2 3 "OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (Costa Rica)". SICREM. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia y sexo. (Spanish)". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Costa Rica). Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  29. ↑ "United Nations Demographic Yearbooks". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  30. ↑ "Principal". Inec.go.cr. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  31. ↑ "Estadísticas vitales". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos - INEC. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  32. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  34. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Costa Rica. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007)
  35. ↑ Johnson, Terrence (5 August 2012). "Buddhism in Costa Rica". Buddhistchannel.tv. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Costa Rica: International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  37. ↑ "Costa Rica". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  38. ↑ "Title VI: Religion: Article 75 (As amended with regard to its number by Article 1, Law No. 5703)". CostaRicaLaw.com. 6 June 1975. Archived from the original on 21 April 2001.
  39. ↑ "Central America and Caribbean: Costa Rica: People and Society". The World Factbook. Retrieved 4 November 2016.

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