Darling House, The Rocks

Darling House
General information
Type	Heritage listed house
Architectural style	Georgian
Location	The Rocks
Address	Trinity Avenue
Town or city	Sydney
Country	Australia
Coordinates	33°51′27″S 151°12′24″E / 33.8575°S 151.2067°E / -33.8575; 151.2067Coordinates: 33°51′27″S 151°12′24″E / 33.8575°S 151.2067°E / -33.8575; 151.2067
Groundbreaking	c1835-1835
Completed	1842

Darling House is an Australian Georgian-style Old Colonial sandstone building located in the suburb of Dawes Point, Sydney (adjacent to Sydney's historic The Rocks and Millers Point precincts). Incorporating parts of an original c.1833 to c.1835 dwelling house, the existing sandstone house was constructed in 1842 under the ownership of Joseph Farris.^[1] The name of the house, which originated from the local community in the 1800s, is derived from the original land grant by Governor Darling.^[2] Darling House holds particular historical, social and architectural significance due to its influence on the history and early social development of Millers Point and early colonial Australia^[3] and as a representative example of Georgian style architecture in neo-colonial Australia.^[4] Darling House is distinctive as one of only a few remaining free standing dwellings in the area and rarer still for its generous curtilage in the form of landscaped gardens.^[5]

Heritage Significance

Darling House is registered as an item of both national, state and local heritage significance being on the Register of the National Estate, the New South Wales State Heritage Register^[6] and the Sydney Local Environment Plan.^[7] Being located within, and described as the “crown jewel”^[8] of, Dawes Point, Darling House has also been included in the various heritage listings that apply to the Millers Point/Dawes Point precinct as a whole including the Millers Point and Dawes Point Conservation Area,^[9] Millers Point & Dawes Point Village Precinct^[10] and the Millers Point Conservation Area.^[11]

Pre-European and Early History

Originally known by the Aboriginal names of Tar-ra and Tullagalla, Dawes Point was later renamed after Lieutenant William Dawes (1762 - 1836), astronomer with the First Fleet. Before white settlement the area was home to the Cadigal (also spelled Gadigal) aboriginal tribe.^[12] Dawes Point holds historical significance as it was the site of the first guns mounted in Sydney in 1788, as well as the Dawes Point Battery, Sydney’s first cemetery and the site of Sydney’s first port facilities. The area is also commonly referred to as Millers Point or The Rocks.

European activity around Millers Point and Dawes Point commenced with the beginning of Sydney’s history, in 1788. There appear to be no actual structures on Millers Point until slightly later - as can be seen from plans dated to 1788, 1792, 1802 and 1807. Though Dawes Point boasted an observatory built by Lieutenant William Dawes as early as 1788 and “Dawes Battery” was established next to it. By 1812 there was a wind-powered post mill behind the battery, owned by Nathaniel Lucas, which was then sold, with the surrounding land, to John Leighton (also known as Jack the Miller) in 1814. Between this time and 1822, there were three windmills in the area probably both owned and run by Leighton and hence this part of Sydney Harbour came to be known as Millers Point. Apart from the windmills, it seems that there was also a slaughterhouse run in Dawes Point, probably by Tom Cribb. The rocky terrain of the peninsula made the area unappealing for residential structures as only Lower Fort Street, at this point unnamed, could allow vehicular access to the area.

The area was quarried in 1823 and by 1830 there were six quarrying parties whose work contributed to the cut for the future Argyle and Kent Streets which in turn made the whole area more accessible and allowed for residential development. With the development of steam milling and the abandonment of the old windmills, the area turned to maritime trades and many wharves and warehouses were established. With the increasing number of wealthy merchants and wharf owners moving into Millers Point and Dawes Point, Lower Fort Street began to develop as an area with “respectable dwelling houses” as commented by Maclehose in 1839.^[13]

Original Dwelling c1833-1835

Dawes Point 1840s looking north (with Darling House in centre), watercolour by Joseph Fowels, State Library of NSW

The land upon which Darling House now stands was granted to Susanna Ward by Governor Darling in 1823 and in 1831 was transferred to Ms Susanna Elizabeth Douglas.^[14] Prior to the construction of Darling House the site had been used as a sandstone quarry and it is from this quarry that the convict hand carved sandstone blocks from which the house is built are likely to have been quarried.^[15] The first building on the site is assumed to have been a stone building constructed during the early to mid-1830s given that the transfer of land from Susanna Douglas to Michael Gannon includes a reference to buildings having already been present in 1837 (as well as the relatively sharp rise in the cost of the land from £101 in 1837 to £200 in 1839).^[14] With the second house having been constructed during the depression of the early 1840s, Darling House incorporated some of the original foundations, retaining walls, stonework, cobbled paving and part of a brick cavity wall from the original early 1830s building and parts of the building are assumed to date from this earlier c.1833 to c.1835 period.^[16] There are no surviving mapping or historical records to show details of the original house although archaeological records for the adjoining property at 30-42 Lower Fort Street show the existence of a pre-1822 stone building which, as with Darling House itself, was extended, modified and converted into two dwellings during the mid-19th century.^[17]

Construction of Darling House 1842

John Rae's 1842 sketch "Millers Point from Flagstaff Hill", with Darling House to left

The sandstone building now known as "Darling House" was built by Joseph Farris in 1842, a period of great depression in Sydney.^[18] It was a large house of eight rooms (at a time when most houses in Millers Point contained two or four rooms), with its construction clearly being an attempt by the owner to build a fashionable stone dwelling designed to fit in with the other grand Lower Fort Street houses.^[19] The success of local mercantilist ventures and associated industries became evident in both commercial and residential architecture, constructed for merchants such as Robert Towns and Robert Campbell. Sections of Millers Point became regarded as affluent enclaves, with Argyle and Lower Fort Streets known as 'Quality Row.' ^[20] Darling House was built to provide residential accommodation for the growing number of workers moving into the area that were associated with the expanding wharves along the Millers Point shoreline (such growth resulting from the exporting of wool to England and from the whaling industry).^[21] The site on which the house was built comprised two allotments, the northern allotment was granted to Joseph Farris and the southern allotment to Michael Gannon, a local builder. Soon after the allotments were granted Gannon admitted that, at the time the grant was made, the southern allotment was actually the property of Farris and in 1842 Gannon formally conveyed the allotment to Farris for the nominal sum of five shillings.^[22]

Darling House c1862

Upon construction, the interior of the house was divided by a large corridor. On the ground floor to the left of the corridor there was a dining/living room with two bedrooms on the right. On the upper floor there were four bedrooms on either side of the corridor. A stone kitchen and breakfast room were connected to the rear of the house, a bathroom to the right of the backdoor and timber laundry against the rock face.^[23]

During the 1860s the ground and first floor Victorian verandas were added to the house, with the first floor windows being converted into French doors. These modifications are classic representative examples of the development of Australian architecture away from the traditional English styles in response to local environmental factors. English bald faced buildings offered little protection against the sun while the French doors and veranda allowed for greater air circulation through the house alleviated the effects of the heat during the summer months.^[24] Such architectural features are illustrative of the way in which Australian architectural styles were forced to differ from the traditional English styles to accommodate for the vastly different Australian climate.

Joseph Henry Farris

Advertisement from Mr Canham, resident of Darling House, offering violin and flute lessons, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 March 1844

Joseph Henry Farris was born in England in 1807, to Joseph Farris and Hannah Longhurst. In 1827 Farris’ father died, leaving him an inheritance which he used to book passage for himself and his wife to Australia.

As a free settler, Farris quickly established himself as a prolific local businessman plying his trade as a boat builder, publican and Sergeant in the water police. As a prominent individual in Sydney at the time, Farris’ name was inscribed upon the visiting list at Government House.^[18] An avid boat builder and regatta competitor, in 1832 Farris built the first boat ever manufactured in Australia, which he subsequently raffled off for a total of £30.^[25]

"On Friday the first boat built in this Colony, on the plan of a London wherry, was launched from the yard of Mr. Farris, boat builder, in Windmill Street. She is 25 feet 8 inches keel, and 4 feet 4 inches beam. She was built to contend with Major Lockyer's wherry, received per Clyde. The match will come off shortly".

— Sydney Morning Herald, 22 November 1832

Farris obtained prominence around Sydney as a publican, holding licences for the Whalers Arms Hotel located on the corner of Windmill Street and Lower Fort Street,^[26] the Young Princess Hotel (now the Hero of Waterloo)^[27] and the Shakespeare Hotel.^[28] Given that Farris never resided at Darling House, insteading leasing the house out to various middle-class residents up until his death, and owner of three other commercial residences on Fort Street, it appears most likely that Farris built the house solely as a commercial venture.^[18] The first public record of the house is an advertisement dated 24 October 1842, which read:^[29]

To Let advertisement for Darling House, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 1842

"That first-rate stone dwelling House, late in the occupancy of Mr. Arnold, situated in Fort-street, containing eight Rooms, with detached kitchen, coal and wine cellar Rent very moderate. Apply to Mr. Joseph Faris, Young Princess Inn, Fort-Street. N.B. A purchaser will be treated with".

— Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 1842

An advertisement in the Sydney Morning Herald of 9 March 1844 advertised music lessons (violin and flute) from the then resident of Darling House, a Mr J.G.Canham. In addition to "giving instructions on the above instruments", Mr Canham advertised that "he will feel pleasure in attending Balls, Parties, &c, having formed a very superior Band, capable of giving every satisfaction in the performance of the most admired and popular airs, waltzes, quadrilles, &c, now played in London. Orders left at the residence of Mr C., Darling House, Lower Fort Street, will be immediately attended to".^[30]

The house originally suffered from the constant discharge of water closets from the houses facing Prince’s Street. The stench was so bad that the occupiers were compelled to close all the doors and windows at the back of the house to keep out the horrid smells. Upon the death of Joseph Farris, circa. 1859,^[31] his widow Elizabeth Farris resided in the house between until 1867. During this time Mrs Farris rented out a number of the rooms and kept an aviary and goats on the property.

Outbreak of Plague 1900

Catching rats, the plague 1900

Map of Darling Harbour Resumptions, 1900

Darling House was resumed by the Sydney Harbour Trust in response to the outbreak of the bubonic plague in Sydney in 1900.^[32] Following the first diagnosis of the plague in Sydney 1900, that of Arthur Paine a carter who worked in the rocks, the New South Wales Government and Sydney Council began a quarantine and cleansing operation in The Rocks, Millers Point (including present day Dawes Point) and Darling Harbour.^[33]

Despite the plague epidemic being over, the Sydney Harbour Trust resumed almost all of the properties in The Rocks, Millers Point and Darling Harbour between 1900 and 1902 in order to clean up the area and implement quarantine measures. On 29 December 1900 the Sydney Harbour Trust issued notice in the Government Gazette of the resumption of Darling House, which occurred in 1901 under the Darling Harbour Wharves Resumption Act 1900. Darling House was fortunate to survive this period as many of the houses in the area were deemed unhygienic and demolished, with the backyards being covered in concrete or asphalt.^[23]

Darling House c1901

Upon resumption by the Sydney Harbour Trust, Darling House was almost immediately converted into a boarding house, leased by the State Government of New South Wales.^[34] After 1901 Darling House and the vacant land on the southern allotment are clearly distinguished as separate entities in the rates assessment books. This makes the distinction between the use of Darling House, as a boarding house and residential accommodation, and the use of the southern allotment for commercial purposes, particularly clear.

In 1948-49 Darling House was converted into a warehouse, resulting in the demolition of most of the internal walls and outbuildings on the property to allow vehicle access to the back of the house. From that point on the house was leased to a variety of commercial companies, the last reordered of which was Lep Transport who installed a petrol tank and bowser onto the property.^[35]

During this time residents of the local area have recalled the southern allotment being used for a variety of purposes including an outdoor cinema and a plasterer’s workshop.^[36] The rates assessment books during this time also record the site as being leased to Charles Rasmussen & Co, makers/repairers of casks and barrels, and as a cooperage, store and laundry. After Lep Transport vacated the facility, the year of which is unknown, the property remained vacant and fell into a state of disrepair.^[35]

Caraher's Stairs

Caraher's Stairs c1920

In 1857 Caraher’s Stairs were constructed, flanking the northern wall of Darling House. The stairs were constructed to provide local residents access up to Princes Street (now the site of the Sydney Harbour Bridge) and were named after Owen Joseph Caraher, a local soap merchant. The stairs were a prominent thoroughfare, providing access between Millers Point and central Sydney.

The stairway was heavily used and some of the behaviours and practises that occurred on the stairs prompted the local Citizens Vigilance Committee to write to the Town Clerk in a letter dated 10 July 1900: "It appears that these stairs are the resort of people who continually lounge about them and cover the steps with expectoration, tobacco juice etc. It is also stated that frequently there are rotten eggs thrown on the stairs in addition to the dust and dirt caused by continual traffic. Under these circumstances we are directed to ask that they be swept at least once a day and that they be hosed with water twice a week. In their present state they are almost impassable to ladies who wish to keep their dresses clean".^[37]

In 1933 the stairs were demolished as part of the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.^[38] There are still small remnants of this stairway in situ at the northern boundary of Darling House. A fragment of the original material, part of the original sandstone side wall and coping remain, and a darker colour to the brickwork on the building that was built while the stairway existed shows the outline of the stairway.

Conversion to The Rocks Cottage Nursing Home 1994

Darling House prior to restoration c1992

In 1994 Darling House underwent extensive renovations under the design of heritage architect Howard Tanner, including the construction of a new dwelling on the southern allotment, in order to convert the house into an aged care facility. The conversion into an aged care facility was a community initiative of the Resident Action Group in Partnership with the Rocks Cottage Type Nursing Home Committee. It was a community funded and supported organisation from the time of its opening on 4 October 1994 until 2015.^[39]

In 2014 the State Government of New South Wales made the decision to sell 293 Government owned houses in Millers Point and Dawes Point to private purchasers, which it did through until 2018.^[40] In 2015 the State Government of New South Wales made the decision to raise the rent on Darling House from five dollars per month to a market rate, which led to the closure of the aged care facility and subsequent sale of the property.^[41]

Purchase and Restoration by Dr Shane Moran, 2016

In February 2016 the vacant and increasingly dilapidated Darling House property was purchased for $7.7 million from the New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation at public auction by Dr Shane Moran of the Provectus Care Group.^[42] Dr Moran had also been involved in the ownership and restoration of another one of Sydney's heritage properties, Swifts, Darling Point. Following the purchase of the Darling House property, Dr Moran stated his intention to restore the original Georgian house and subsequent additions to an aged care residence or seniors' living facility, albeit a more upmarket one then previously, "ensuring that the original Georgian features are restored".^[43] The Chairman of the Millers Point Resident Action Group Mr John McInerney said, at the time of the sale, that although he wasn't opposed to the new aged care facility he was angered that the New South Wales government "has taken a community facility, cashed it in for $7 million odd dollars and has now made it inaccessible to the bulk of residents around here" ^[43] The property underwent a major heritage restoration and upgrade during the period from 2016 to 2018 in order to both maintain the integrity of the original historic building as well as to enhance its adaptive re-use as a boutique luxury seniors' living and retirement home. The extensive works over a period of more than two years involved the installation throughout of cedar joinery, original marble fireplaces, old leadlight windows and doors and the general upgrading the building to BCA Class 3 standards.

Fire mark from the Fire Insurance Company Sydney Copper incorporating the golden fleece emblem, c.1844

Following the restoration of Darling House, a rare and original c1844 fire insurance mark from the Sydney Fire Insurance Company has been located and is on display within the property. The Sydney Fire Insurance Company was established in 1844 at 468 George Street Sydney. Fire marks were issued for display at properties insured by the company against fire, there being no public fire brigades in the colony of New South Wales at that time. The Sydney Fire Insurance Company fire mark was in pressed copper displaying the company's name and an image of a golden fleece, being at that time in the colony a sign of safety and security following the growth of the wool industry. The symbol of the golden fleece has been adopted as the emblem for Darling House depicting this history and the association with security.

Notable Residents

List of Occupants

Figures 1 and 2 below depict the list of known early occupants of Darling House as inscribed in the Sydney City Council Rates Assessment Books and Sands Directory respectively.

References