MGM-5 Corporal

Corporal field artillery missile at Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Air Force Space & Missile Museum

The MGM-5 Corporal missile was a nuclear-armed tactical surface-to-surface missile. It was the first guided weapon authorized by the United States to carry a nuclear warhead.[lower-roman 1] A guided tactical ballistic missile, the Corporal could deliver either a nuclear fission or high-explosive warhead up to a range of 75 nautical miles (139 km).

Developed by the United States Army in partnership with Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, Gilfillan Brothers Inc., Douglas Aircraft Company and Caltech's pioneering Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Corporal was designed as a tactical nuclear missile for use in the event of Cold War hostilities in Western Europe. The first U.S. Army Corporal battalion was deployed in Europe in 1955. Six U.S. battalions were deployed and remained in the field until 1964, when the system was replaced by the solid-fueled MGM-29 Sergeant missile system. The Corporal was the third in a series of JPL rockets for the US Army whose names correspond to the progression in Army enlisted ranks, starting with Recruit and Private and led finally to Sergeant.

Design and development

Corporal of the Royal Artillery in Germany

The Corporal was first developed at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. It came out of the project ORDCIT series of rockets developed by the Army and the forerunner to Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. After being sold to the United Kingdom in 1954, it became the first U.S. guided missile destined for service in a foreign country to be used by a foreign power.

For what was the front line of nuclear defense, the Corporal missile was notoriously unreliable and inaccurate.[lower-roman 2] It used a liquid-fueled rocket burning red fuming nitric acid and hydrazine; this required elaborate and time-consuming preparation immediately before launch, making its tactical responsiveness questionable. For guidance, it employed commands sent through a reworked World War II-era radar system. Until 1955, its in-flight accuracy was less than 50%, with only modest improvements thereafter. The first year of British test firings in 1959 yielded a success rate of only 46%, a dismal record which raised questions among military planners of its operational effectiveness in Germany.

Guidance consisted of a complex system of internal and ground guidance. During the initial launch phase, inertial guidance (internal accelerometers) kept the missile in a vertical position and pre-set guidance steered it during its launch. The ground guidance system was a modified SCR584 pulse tracking radar which measured the missile's azimuth and elevation, as well as its slant range. This information was sent to an analog computer which calculated the trajectory and any necessary correction to hit the target. A Doppler radar was used to accurately measure the velocity and this information was also used in the trajectory calculation. The Doppler radar was also used to send the final range correction and warhead arming command after the missile re-entered the atmosphere. Transponder beacons were used in the missile to provide a return signal.

Corporal Missile Battalions in Europe were highly mobile, considering the large number of support vehicles and personnel required to support the transportation, checkout, and launch of this liquid-fueled nuclear-tipped (or conventional HE) missile. In Germany, frequent unannounced "Alerts" were performed—necessitating assembling all personnel and moving vehicles and missiles to a pre-assigned assembly point. From there the battalion would move to a launch site—usually somewhere in a remote forest—set up the missile on its launcher and go through a detailed checkout of the various systems. This was not a trivial operation as these electronic systems were all vacuum tubes. A mock firing would be performed and the entire battalion would be gone as soon as possible in order to not be a target of counter-battery fire. The deployment in the field during an Alert was amazingly swift due to the highly trained crews.

Live-fire training for Germany- based US Forces took place at Fort Bliss but later the British Royal Artillery Guided Weapons Range on the Scottish island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. Missiles were fired toward designated target coordinates in the Atlantic Ocean. Radar on St Kilda, Scotland scored successful (on-target) firings. Frequently, Soviet "fishing trawlers" would intrude into the target area.

One Corporal Missile unit, the 1st Missile Battalion of the 38th Artillery (1/38th) was stationed in Babenhausen Kaserne. Its fire mission was to protect the Fulda Gap from an armored invasion by the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact nations. Eventually the Corporal IIB was overtaken by advances in technology and in 1963 they began to be deactivated—replaced by the MGM-29 Sergeant missile system.

Toys

A version of the Corporal was made as a die-cast toy by manufacturers such as Corgi and Dinky. The Corgi Corporal—marketed to children as 'the rocket you can launch'—was timed to coincide with the British test firing in 1959.

A 1/40 scale plastic model kit of the Corporal missile with its mobile transporter was produced in the late 1950s and was reissued by Revell-Monogram in 2009.

Operators

 United Kingdom[1]
 United States
  • United States Army[2]
    • 246th Missile Battalion reflag as 2nd Bn, 80th Art (Fort Sill)
    • 259th Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 40th Art (Fort Bliss)
    • 523rd Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 81st Art (Fort Carson)
    • 526th Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 84th Art (Fort Sill)
    • 530th Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 39th Arty (Germany)
    • 531st Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 38th Arty (Germany)
    • 543rd Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 82nd Arty (Italy)
    • 557th Missile Battalion reflag as 2nd Bn, 81st Arty (Germany)
    • 558th Missile Battalion reflag as 2nd Bn, 82nd Arty (Germany)
    • 559th Missile Battalion reflag as 2nd Bn, 84th Arty (Germany)
    • 570th Missile Battalion reflag as 1st Bn, 80th Arty (Italy)
    • 601st Missile Battalion reflag as 2nd Bn, 40th Arty (Germany)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The first nuclear-authorized unguided rocket was the MGR-1 Honest John (1953).
  2. ↑ While this may have been true of the first deployed Corporal missiles, the later generation Corporal Type IIB were surprisingly accurate for their time.

References

  1. ↑ "59th Ordnance Brigade – Details on NATO Nuclear Artillery Units (excl. German Army)". www.usarmygermany.com. US Army in Germany.
  2. ↑ "Field Artillery in the European Theater US Army, Europe". www.usarmygermany.com. US Army in Germany.

Further reading

  • Army Ballistic Missile Agency (1961) Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program Vol 1. ABMA unclassified report, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
  • MacDonald, F (2006) 'Geopolitics and 'the Vision Thing': regarding Britain and America's first nuclear missile', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 31, 53–71. available for download ,
  • "Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program, vol. 1" (PDF). Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009.
  • "Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program, vol. 2" (PDF). Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2005.
  • "nuclear-weapons.info #Corporal SSM".


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