Gulf Cooperation Council

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Flag
Logo
Map indicating CCASG members
Headquarters Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Official languages Arabic
Type Trade bloc
Membership
Leaders
Bahrain A. bin Rashid Al Zayani
 Kuwait[1]
Establishment
• As the GCC
25 May 1981 (1981-05-25)
Area
• Total
 2,673,108 km2 (1,032,093 sq mi)
• Water (%)
 0.6%
Population
• 2018 estimate
 55,891,844 (25th)
• Density
 20.90/km2 (54.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total
 $3.656 trillion (7th)
• Per capita
 $71,317 (7th)
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total
 $1.646 trillion (10th)
• Per capita
 $34,532 (25th)
Gini (2012) Positive decrease 28.7
low
HDI (2018) Increase 0.840
very high · 45th
Currency
  1. Sum of component states' populations.

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (Arabic: مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربي‎), originally (and still colloquially) known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC, مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is a regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf except Iraq. Its member states are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[2][3] The Charter of the Gulf Cooperation Council was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution.[4]

All current member states are monarchies, including three constitutional monarchies (Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain),[5][6] two absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia and Oman), and one federal monarchy (the United Arab Emirates, which is composed of seven member states, each of which is an absolute monarchy with its own emir). There have been discussions regarding the future membership of Jordan, Morocco, and Yemen.[7][8]

A 2011 proposal to transform the GCC into a "Gulf Union" with tighter economic, political and military coordination has been advanced by Saudi Arabia, a move meant to counterbalance the Iranian influence in the region.[9][10] Objections have been raised against the proposal by other countries.[11][12] In 2014, Bahrain prime minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa said that current events in the region highlighted the importance of the proposal.[13]

In order to reduce their dependence on oil in the future, the GCC states are pursuing unprecedented structural reform initiatives.[14]

Founding

Heads of states of the GCC in Abu Dhabi on 25 May 1981.[15][16]

The original union comprised the 1,032,093-square-mile (2,673,110 km2) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The unified economic agreement between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council was signed on 11 November 1981 in Abu Dhabi. These countries are often referred to as "the GCC states" or "Gulf countries".

Objectives

In 2001, the Supreme Council set the following goals:

Oman announced in December 2006 it would not be able to meet the 2010 target date for a common currency. Following the announcement that the central bank for the monetary union would be located in Riyadh and not in the UAE, the UAE announced their withdrawal from the monetary union project in May 2009. The name Khaleeji has been proposed as a name for this currency. If realised, the GCC monetary union would be the second largest supranational monetary union in the world, measured by GDP of the common-currency area.[18]

Other stated objectives include:

  • Formulating similar regulations in various fields such as religion, finance, trade, customs, tourism, legislation, and administration
  • Fostering scientific and technical progress in industry, mining, agriculture, water and animal resources
  • Establishing scientific research centers
  • Setting up joint ventures
  • Unified military (Peninsula Shield Force)
  • Encouraging cooperation of the private sector
  • Strengthening ties between their people

This area has some of the fastest growing economies in the world, mostly due to a boom in oil and natural gas revenues coupled with a building and investment boom backed by decades of saved petroleum revenues. In an effort to build a tax base and economic foundation before the reserves run out, the UAE's investment arms, including Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, retain over $900 billion in assets. Other regional funds also have several hundreds of billions of dollars of assets under management.

The region is also an emerging hotspot for events, including the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Doha also submitted an unsuccessful application for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Qatar was later chosen to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, but it is possible that Qatar might lose the right to host the game because of its poor human rights record.[21]

Recovery plans have been criticized for crowding out the private sector, failing to set clear priorities for growth, failing to restore weak consumer and investor confidence, and undermining long-term stability.[22]

The logo of the GCC consists of two concentric circles. On the upper part of the larger circle, the Bismillah phrase is written in Arabic, which means "In the name of God", and on the lower part the Council's full name, in Arabic. The inner circle contains an embossed hexagonal shape that represents the Council's six member countries. The inside of the hexagon is filled by a map encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, on which the areas of the member countries are borderless and colored in brown. On the edge of the hexagon are colors representing the flags of the six member countries.

Economy

Internal market

A common market was launched on 1 January 2008 with plans to realise a fully integrated single market.[23] It eased the movement of goods and services. However, implementation lagged behind after the 2009 financial crisis. The creation of a customs union began in 2003 and was completed and fully operational on 1 January 2015.[24] In January 2015, the common market was also further integrated, allowing full equality among GCC citizens to work in the government and private sectors, social insurance and retirement coverage, real estate ownership, capital movement, access to education, health and other social services in all member states. However, some barriers remained in the free movement of goods and services.[25] The coordination of taxation systems, accounting standards and civil legislation is currently in progress. The interoperability of professional qualifications, insurance certificates and identity documents is also underway.[26]

Monetary union

In 2014, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia took major steps to ensure the creation of a single currency. Kuwait's finance minister said the four members are pushing ahead with the monetary union but said some “technical points” need to be cleared. "A common market and common central bank would also position the GCC as one entity that would have great “influence on the international financial system" he added. The implementation of a single currency and the creation of a central bank is overseen by the Monetary Council.[27]

There is currently a degree to which a nominal GCC single currency already exists. Businesses trade using a basket of GCC currencies, just as before the euro was introduced, the European Currency Unit (ECU) was long used beforehand as a nominal medium of exchange.[26] Plans to introduce a single currency had been drawn up as far back as 2009, however due to the financial crisis and political differences, the UAE and Oman withdrew their membership.

Mergers and acquisitions

Companies and investors from GCC countries are active in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Since 1999, more than 5,200 transactions with a known value of US$573 billion have been announced.[28] They are not only active in national deals or within GCC, but also as important investors in cross-border M&A abroad. The investor group includes in particular a number of Sovereign Wealth Funds.[29]

Infrastructure

The Gulf Cooperation Council launched common economic projects to promote and facilitate integration. The member states have cooperated in order to connect their power grids. A water connection project was launched and plans to be partly in use by 2020. A project to create common air transport was also unveiled.[30]

The GCC also launched major rail projects in order to connect the peninsula. The railways are expected to fuel intra-regional trade while helping reduce fuel consumption. Over $200 billion will be invested to develop about 40,000 kilometres of rail network across the GCC, according to Oman’s Minister of Transport and Communications. The project, estimated to be worth $15.5 billion, is scheduled to be completed by 2021. “It will link the six member states as a regional transport corridor, further integrating with the national railway projects, deepening economic social and political integration, and it is developed from a sustainable perspective.” stated, Ramiz Al Assar, Resident World Bank advisor for the GCC.[31]

Saudi Arabian Railways, Etihad Rail, and national governments have poured billions into railway infrastructure to create rail networks for transporting freight, connecting cities, and reducing transport times.[31]

Politics and governance

Supreme council

It is composed of the heads of the member states. It is the highest decision-making entity of the GCC. The supreme council sets the vision and the goals of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Decisions on substantive issues require unanimous approval, while issues on procedural matters require a majority. Every member state has one vote.[32]

Ministerial Council

The Ministerial Council is composed of the Foreign Ministers of all the Member States. It convenes every 3 months. It primarily formulates policies and makes recommendations to promote cooperation and achieve coordination among the member states when implementing ongoing projects. Its decisions are submitted in the form of recommendations to the Supreme Council for its approval. The Ministerial Council is also responsible for preparations of meetings of the Supreme Council and its agenda. The voting procedure in the Ministerial Council is the same as in the Supreme Council.[32]

Secretariat General

The Secretariat is the executive arm of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It takes decisions within its authority and implements decisions approved by the Supreme or Ministerial Council. The Secretariat also compiles studies relating to cooperation, coordination, and planning for common action. It prepares periodical reports regarding the work done by the GCC as a whole and regarding the implementation of its own decisions.[32]

Monetary Council

On 15 December 2009, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia announced the creation of a Monetary Council to introduce a single currency for the union. The board of the council, which set a timetable and action plan for establishing a central bank and choose a currency regime, met for the first time on 30 March 2010. Kuwaiti foreign minister Mohammad Sabah Al-Sabah said on 8 December 2009 that a single currency may take up to ten years to establish. The original target was in 2010. Oman and the UAE later announced their withdrawal of the proposed currency.

In 2014, major moves were taken to ensure the launch of a single currency. Kuwait's finance minister stated that a currency should be implemented without delay. Negotiations with the UAE and Oman to expand the monetary union were renewed.[27]

Patent Office

The GCC Patent Office was approved in 1992 and established soon after in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[33] Applications are filed and prosecuted in the Arabic language before the GCC Patent Office in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which is a separate office from the Saudi Arabian Patent Office.

Peninsula Shield Force

Amidst the Bahraini uprising, Saudi Arabia and the UAE sent ground troops to Bahrain in order to protect vital infrastructure such as the airport and highway system.[9][34][35][36] Kuwait and Oman refrained from sending troops.[9][37] Instead, Kuwait sent a navy unit.[38]

In September 2014 GCC members Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, and Qatar, plus pending member Jordan, commenced air operations against ISIL in Syria.[39] Saudi Arabia and the UAE however are among the nations that oppose the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, whereas Qatar has historically supported it. They also pledged other support including operating training facilities for Syrian rebels (Saudi Arabia)[40] and allowing the use of their airbases by other countries fighting ISIL.

GCC Standardization Organization (GSO)

This is the standardization organization of the GCC, and Yemen also belongs to this organization.[41]

Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC)

The Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC) was founded in 1976 by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states: The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait, and in 2009, Yemen joined the Organization, which is headquartered at Doha, Qatar. The organization chart of GOIC includes the Board members and the General Secretariat. The Board is formed by member state representatives appointed by their governments.[42]

Secretaries-General

TenureNameCountry
26 May 1981 – April 1993Abdullah Bishara[43]Kuwait
April 1993 – April 1996Fahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi[44]United Arab Emirates
April 1996 – 31 March 2002Jamil Ibrahim Hejailan[45]Saudi Arabia
1 April 2002 – 31 March 2011Abdul Rahman bin Hamad Al Attiyah[46]Qatar
1 April 2011 – presentAbdullatif bin Rashid Al ZayaniBahrain

Member states

There are six member states of the union:

FlagCommon name Official nameType of government
in Englishin romanized Arabic
BahrainBahrainKingdom of BahrainMamlakat al-BaḥraynConstitutional monarchy
KuwaitKuwaitState of KuwaitDawlat al-KuwaytParliamentary system, Constitutional monarchy
OmanOmanSultanate of OmanSaltanat ʻUmanAbsolute monarchy
QatarQatarState of QatarDawlat QaṭarConstitutional monarchy
Saudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaKingdom of Saudi ArabiaAl-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-SuʻūdiyyaAbsolute monarchy
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesAl-Imārāt al-‘Arabīyah al-MuttaḥidahFederal monarchy,a Absolute monarchy
a Elective by monarchs de jure, hereditary de facto.

Macro-economic trend

Year
GDP
(millions)
GDP per capita
(as % of USA's GDP per capita)
1980$250,675152.00
1985$183,06960.19
1990$207,73541.28
1995$261,07237.10
2000$375,48336.26
2005$664,58245.19
2010$1,084,64756.56

Sports

The union has served as a grouping for sports co-operation and competition. The GCC states have an annual Meeting of the Youth and Sports ministers to boost youth and sports initiatives in the region; in 2015, this gathering was held for the 29th time.[47] The promotion of the hosting of international sports events has also served an economic purpose for the union's countries, leading to investment and development in the region.[48]

The GCC Games, a quadrennial multi-sport event, was established by the union and first held in 2011.[49] There are numerous long-running GCC Championships for individual sports, including: the Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships (first held in 1986; youth section from 2000)[50] sailing,[51] basketball,[52] swimming,[53] tennis,[54] gymnastics (senior and youth levels),[55][56] weightlifting,[57] futsal,[58] snooker,[59] and table tennis.[60]

2014 Saudi–Qatari rift

Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood across the MENA area, Hamas and radical Islamists in Libya has led to increasing tensions with other Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[61][62][63] These tensions came to a head during a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, after which the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar.[64][65][66][67]

Some financial economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond the MENA area.[68]

2017 Rift with Qatar

On June 5, 2017, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain and Egypt had officially cut diplomatic ties with Qatar.[69] Saudi Arabia said it took the decision to cut diplomatic ties due to Qatar’s “embrace of various terrorist and sectarian groups aimed at destabilising the region”, including the Muslim Brotherhood, al-Qaida, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and groups supported by Iran in the kingdom’s eastern province of Qatif.[70] Islam Hassan argues "Starting from 2000 and ahead, Qatar has been pursuing an independent foreign policy that at times clash with the Saudi strategic interests in the region. The fact that Qatar has not been toeing the Saudi foreign policy, and dealing with states and non-state actors that the Saudis do not approve of have caused this tension in relations over the past couple of years, mainly after the Arab uprisings. This tension was revived by the hacking saga of Qatar News Agency and the statement that was attributed to Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad. This happened at a time Mohamed bin Salman is facing competition from Mohamed bin Nayef over the Saudi throne. Mohamed bin Salman tried to have the US blessing during Trump's visit to Saudi to force Qatar to its knees and go back home with a win that would give him more popularity in Saudi Arabia, easing his journey to power. With regards to UAE, there has been always competition between al-Nahyans of Abu Dhabi and al-Thanis of Qatar. This competition goes back to the 1800s. The Arab uprisings ushered a new chapter in the Qatari-Emirati competition. The competition led to the Emiratis playing a major role in the withdrawal of ambassadors from Qatar in 2014. At the beginning of the current diplomatic crisis, particularly after the hacking saga, UAE was trying to maintain the problem. Yet, Aljazeera's publishing of Yousuf al-Otaiba's leaked emails got the UAE on board with Saudi Arabia. Insofar as Bahrain is concerned, the small Kingdom has been toeing the Saudi foreign policy for the past couple of years. It seems that their severing of ties with Qatar was mainly an answer to a Saudi call."[71][72][73]

In June, various members put a ban on Qataris and their businesses. Qataris are not allowed to enter or live in the country unless they have a spouse living there or they need to carry a visa in order to enter these countries. Flights from Qatar are also not allowed to land there and vice versa.[74]

Arabs States cooperation

Since the creation of the council in 1981 its membership has not expanded, with all members being Arab monarchies.[75]

Some GCC countries have land borders with Iraq, Jordan and Yemen, and sea borders with Iran, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia.

Egypt

Only the Sinai peninsula lies in the Arabian peninsula, Bahrain has been vocal about its stance on Egypt joining the GCC, in 2011, Bahraini Foreign Minister has called for Egypt to be admitted as a member of the GCC.[76]

Iraq

Iraq is the only Arab country bordering the Persian Gulf that is not a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In 2012, Iraqi Defence Minister Saadoun al-Dulaimi stated that Iraq wants to join the GCC.[77] Kuwait supports Iraq joining the GCC.[78] The lack of membership of Iraq is widely believed to be due to the low-income economy, its substantial Shia population, its republican political system, and its invasion of member state Kuwait during the Gulf War.

Iran

At the December 2012 Manama summit, the GCC states called for an end to Iranian interference in their internal affairs.[79]

Jordan and Morocco

In May 2011, Jordan's request to join the GCC, which had been first submitted 15 years earlier, was accepted and Morocco was invited to join the union.[80][81][82] In September 2011 a five-year economic plan for both countries was put forward after a meeting between the foreign ministers of both countries and those of the GCC States, the first GCC meeting since May which included the Jordanian and Moroccan ministers. Although a plan for accession was being looked into, it was noted that there was no timetable for either's accession, and that discussions would continue.[75]

As Jordan and Morocco are the only two Arab monarchies not currently in the council, the current members see them as strong potential allies. Jordan borders member Saudi Arabia and is economically connected to the Persian Gulf States. Although Morocco is not near the Persian Gulf, the Moroccan foreign minister Taieb Fassi Fihri notes that "geographical distance is no obstacle to a strong relationship".[75]

Yemen

Yemen was in negotiations for GCC membership, and hoped to join by 2015. Although it has no coastline on the Persian Gulf, Yemen lies in the Arabian Peninsula and shares a common culture and history with other members of the GCC.[8] The GCC has already approved Yemen's accession to the GCC Standardization Authority, Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC),[83] GCC Auditing and Accounting Authority, Gulf Radio and TV Authority, GCC Council of Health Ministers, GCC Education and Training Bureau, GCC Council of Labour and Social Affairs Ministers, and Gulf Cup Football Tournament. The Council issued directives that all the necessary legal measures be taken so that Yemen would have the same rights and obligations of GCC member states in those institutions.[84]

In May 2017, the Gulf Cooperation Council rejected the formation of a transitional political council in southern Yemen, which called for the separation of Southern Yemen, siding with Yemen President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi in doing so.[85]

The GCC members and Yemen are also members of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA). However, this is unlikely to affect the agenda of the GCC significantly as it has a more aggressive timetable than GAFTA and is seeking greater integration.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Kuwait hopes emir visit to Iran will boost Gulf peace". Gulf News. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  2. ↑ Sara Hamdan (4 January 2012). "A Call for Private Investment in Gulf Health Care". New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2013. The council, an economic and political union of Arab countries, is made up of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
  3. ↑ "U.A.E. Quits Gulf Monetary Union". Wall Street Journal. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2013. The move represents a rare public rift between members of the GCC, an economic and political union aimed at fostering better ties between the oil-rich Arab states straddling the Persian Gulf.
  4. ↑ "Charter of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)" (PDF). International Relations and Security Network. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  5. ↑ "US State Dept's Country Political Profile - Qatar" (PDF).
  6. ↑ "US State Dept's Country Political Profile - Bahrain" (PDF).
  7. ↑ Asma Alsharif (10 May 2011). "1-Gulf bloc to consider Jordan, Morocco membership". Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 "Yemen to join GCC by 2015". Arabian Business. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 "GCC Members Consider Future of Union - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
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  11. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Seeks Union of Monarchies in Region." The New York Times, 14 May 2012.
  12. ↑ "Gulf Union on agenda at annual GCC summit". Al Arabiya News. english.alarabiya.net. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
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  16. ↑ Bandar Salman Al Saud (1997). "The GCC security convention" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  17. ↑ Khan, Mohsin S. (April 2009). The GCC Monetary Union: Choice of Exchange Rate Regime (PDF). Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  18. 1 2 Sturm, Michael; Siegfried, Nikolaus (June 2005). Regional Monetary Integration in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (PDF). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: European Central Bank. ISSN 1725-6534. Occasional Paper Series, No. 31. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  19. ↑ Abed, George T.; Erbas, S. Nuri; Guerami, Behrouz (1 April 2003). The GCC Monetary Union: Some Considerations for the Exchange Rate Regime (PDF). Washington DC, USA: International Monetary Fund (IMF). ISSN 1934-7073. Working Paper No. 03/66. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
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  29. ↑ "Biggest Sovereign Wealth Funds in the Middle East". Forbes. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
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  31. 1 2 "GCC Rail Projects To See Investments Worth $200bn". Gulf Business. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
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  35. ↑ Bahrain protests CNN. 2011
  36. ↑ Gulf forces intervene in Bahrain after violent clashes Daily India.
  37. ↑ Ian Black (14 May 2012). "Gulf unity plan on hold amid Iranian warning". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  38. ↑ "Kuwait naval units join Bahrain mission ... 'Plot foiled'". Arab Times. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
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  40. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Will Host Training Camps For Syrian Rebels". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  41. ↑ GSO homepage. http://www.gso.org.sa/gso-website/gso-website/about-gso/about/member-countries
  42. ↑ GOIC homepage. http://www.goic.org.qa/
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  44. ↑ "Profile". ECSSR. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
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  46. ↑ Toumi, Habib (29 November 2009). "Oman endorses Al Mutawa". Gulf News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  47. ↑ GCC Youth and Sports Ministers meet in Doha Archived 7 April 2015 at Archive.is. The Peninsula Qatar (2015-03-05). Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  48. ↑ Sports sector becoming growth driver in the GCC Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Saudi Gazette (2014-11-08). Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  49. ↑ Sambridge, Andy (2011-04-07). Bahrain to host first GCC Games in October. Arabian Business. Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  50. ↑ Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  51. ↑ 6th GCC Sailing Championships 2014, Qatar. Icarus Sailing Media. Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  52. ↑ GCC 3x3 Basketball championship to conclude on Saturday Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Qatar Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  53. ↑ Swimmers sparkle in GCC Championships Archived 16 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Qatar Olympic Committee (2013-04-14). Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
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  59. ↑ UAE extend lease over GCC title. UAE Interact (2005-01-03). Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
  60. ↑ Kuwait Passes Tests with Honours as Bahrain Sets Tests for Global Gathering Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. International Table Tennis Federation. Retrieved on 2015-03-20.
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  76. ↑ Mu Xuequan (1 Nov 2011). "Bahrain keen on Egypt's GCC membership". Gulf News. Retrieved 14 Nov 2016.
  77. ↑ Dulaimi confirmed that Iraq sought to join the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  78. ↑ "Kuwait stresses necessity for Iraq to join GCC". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  79. ↑ "GCC states slam Iran interference in region." Al Jazeera. 25 December 2012.
  80. ↑ "PressTV". www.presstv.ir. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  81. ↑ Mu Xuequan (11 May 2011). "GCC welcomes Jordan's request to join the council". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
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  83. ↑ "Yemen joined GOIC in 2009". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  84. ↑ See the Closing Statement of the Twenty-Second Session Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. GCC the Final Communiqué of the 29th Session Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  85. ↑ "GCC rejects formation of Yemen transitional council". Aljazeera. Retrieved 17 May 2017.

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