Sexual consent

Slutwalk marchers hold signs affirming the importance of sexual consent. Two signs read "No Means No" and another states that the clothes a woman wears do not indicate consent.

Sexual consent is consent to engage in sexual activity.[1][2] Sexual activity without consent is considered rape or other sexual assault.[1][2] In the late 1980s, academic Lois Pineau argued that society must move towards a more communicative model of sexuality so that consent becomes more explicit and clear, objective and layered, with a more comprehensive model than "no means no" or "yes means yes".[3] Many universities have instituted campaigns about consent. Creative campaigns with attention-grabbing slogans and images that market consent can be effective tools to raise awareness of campus sexual assault and related issues.[4]

In Canada "consent means…the voluntary agreement of the complainant to engage in sexual activity" without abuse or exploitation of "trust, power or authority", coercion or threats.[5] Consent can also be revoked at any moment.[6]

Since the late 1990s, new models of sexual consent have been proposed. Specifically, the development of "yes means yes" and affirmative models, such as Hall's definition: "the voluntary approval of what is done or proposed by another; permission; agreement in opinion or sentiment."[6] Hickman and Muehlenhard state that consent should be "free verbal or nonverbal communication of a feeling of willingness' to engage in sexual activity."[7] Affirmative consent may still be limited since the underlying, individual circumstances surrounding the consent cannot always be acknowledged in the "yes means yes", or in the "no means no", model.[1]

Within the scholarly literature, definitions surrounding consent and how it should be communicated have been contradictory, limited or without consensus.[1][2] Dr James Roffee, a senior lecturer in criminology in the Monash University School of Social Sciences, argues that legal definition needs to be universal, so as to avoid confusion in legal decisions. He also demonstrates how the moral notion of consent does not always align with the legal concept. For example, some adult siblings or other family members may voluntarily enter into a relationship, however the legal system still deems this as incestual, and therefore a crime.[8] Roffee argues that the use of particular language in the legislation regarding these familial sexual activities manipulates the reader to view it as immoral and criminal, even if all parties are consenting.[9] Similarly, some minors under the legal age of consent may knowingly and willingly choose to be in a sexual relationship. However, the law does not view this as legitimate. While there is a necessity for an age of consent, it does not allow for varying levels of awareness and maturity. Here it can be seen how a moral and a legal understanding do not always align.[10]

Some individuals are unable to give consent, or even if they can verbally indicate that they consent, they are deemed to lack the ability to make informed or full consent (e.g., minors below the age of consent or an intoxicated person). People may also consent to unwanted sexual activity.[11]

In Canada, implied consent has not been a defence for sexual assault since the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada case of R v Ewanchuk, where the court unanimously ruled that consent has to be explicit, instead of merely "implied".[12] In the United States, the defense may a chance to convince the court that consent was in some way implied by the victim. Many actions can be perceived by the court as implied consent: having a previous relationship with the alleged rapist (e.g. befriending, dating, cohabitating, or marrying),[13] consenting to sexual contact on previous occasions, flirting,[14] or wearing "provocative" clothing.[15]

Unwanted sexual activity

Unwanted sexual activity can involve rape or other sexual assault, but it may also be distinguished from them. Jesse Ford, the author of a 2018 study that showed that men are having unwanted sex with women to "prove they are not gay", states that "[a]ll sexual assault is unwanted sex, but not all unwanted sex is sexual assault."[16]

Verbal vs. nonverbal

While different consent policies have differing views on whether non-verbal cues count as consent, some rules do permit seeking consent through non-verbal communication.

There can be verbal or nonverbal consent, or a mix of the two types, depending on different policies and laws. According to Bustle writer Kae Burdo, "only verbal consent counts". [17] Dartmouth College's rules on consent state that a communication in intimate encounters is often nonverbal cues such as smiling, nodding, and touching another person; however, it states that "...body language often isn't enough" because interpreting body language is risky, so the best option is to use "explicit verbal communication".[18] The New York Times reports that men typically use nonverbal indicators to determine consent (61 percent say they perceive consent through a partner's body language), but women typically wait till a partner verbally asks them before they indicate consent (only 10 percent say they indicate consent through body language), a differing approach that may lead to confusion in heterosexual couples' encounters.[19]

Burdo does acknowledge that BDSM situations in which a participant has voluntarily put on a gag or has agreed to be in subspace make it hard to consent verbally. As well, some people have disabilities which make it impossible to speak and give verbal consent.[20] In cases of BDSM or speech-affecting disabilities, Burdo suggests using "clear, nonverbal consent".[21] Mary Spellman, the dean of students at Claremont McKenna College, states that her college allows either verbal or non-verbal consent, with non-verbal consent being assessed by looking at whether the other person is "actively participating" and touching the other person when he is touching her or encouraging the first person", signs which indicate that a "...person is an active participant in whatever is going on."[22]

The Daily Dot states that verbal consent is best because both participants can clearly indicate what they want, ask questions and seek clarification; in contrast, nonverbal consent is may not be clear, as people "...have different understandings of gestures, “vibes,” and nonverbal cues", which can lead to "ambiguity and misunderstanding".[23] Lisa Feldman Barrett, a psychologist and neuroscientist, states that in a sexual consent context, "[f]ace and body movements aren’t a language" that participants can rely on, because the human "brain is always guessing" about how to interpret smiles and expressions; as such, "...facial movements are terrible indicators of consent, rejection and emotion in general" and they are "not a replacement for words."[24]

Age

Children or minors below a certain age, the age of sexual consent in that jurisdiction, are deemed not able to give valid consent by law to sexual acts. The age of consent is the age below which a minor is considered to be legally incompetent to consent to sexual acts. Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a minor younger than the age of consent cannot claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be considered statutory rape. The person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim and his or her sex partner is regarded as the offender, unless both are underage. The purpose of setting an age of consent is to protect an underage person from sexual advances. Age of consent laws vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions set the age of consent in the range 14 to 18. The laws may also vary by the type of sexual act, the gender of the participants or other considerations, such as involving a position of trust; some jurisdictions may also make allowances for minors engaged in sexual acts with each other, rather than a single age.

Mental disabilities or conditions

Likewise, persons with Alzheimer's disease or similar disabilities may be unable to give legal consent to sexual relations even with their spouse.[25] New York does not consider it to be consent in cases where people have a physical disability that makes them unable to communicate that they do not consent, either using words or physically or if they have a mental illness or other mental condition that makes them unable to understand the sexual activity.[26] South Carolina has a 10 year penalty for a person who has sex with a person who is mentally challenged or incapable of movement.[27] Law profesor Deborah Denno argues that people with some types of mental challenges should be able to consent to sex; she says they "...have the right to do so, and unnecessarily broad and moralistic restrictions infringe upon that right".[28]

Unconsciousness or intoxication

In some jurisdictions, individuals who are intoxicated from alcohol or drugs cannot consent. For example, Michigan Criminal Sexual Conduct Laws states that it is a crime to have sex with a “mentally incapacitated” person who cannot control their conduct or consent.[29]

In Canada, intoxication is a factor that affects whether a person can legally consent to sexual activity. However, the level of intoxication that will make consent impossible varies according to circumstances, which include how intoxicated the person is and whether they voluntarily consumed the alcohol or drugs. [30] The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that a person drunk to the point of unconsciousness cannot consent to sex; the court ruled that once a person loses consciousness, they cannot consent. [31]There was public outrage after a Canadian judge ruled that an intoxicated person can consent; however, a legal expert interviewed by CBC stated that "a drunken consent is still a consent" under Canadian law.[32]

In Canada, a person who is asleep or unconscious cannot consent to sex.[33]

Position of trust or authority

When determining if a sexual encounter was consensual, Canadian courts will consider if the accused was in a "position of trust or authority" regarding the complainant, as this undermines consent.[34] While this general principle is part of Canadian law, the courts are debating exactly what the definition of a position of trust and authority is.[35] Some examples of people in positions of trust or authority include a teacher, employer or boss, camp counselor, health care professional, or coach.

Deception and deceit

Sexual encounters where one party uses deception or deceit to obtain consent could be non-consensual.[36] As such, if A gives consent to have sex with B, but B has lied about a pertinent issue, A has not given fully informed consent. Deception could include false statements about using contraception, age, gender, whether one is married, religion or employment, sexually transmitted infections testing status, giving the impression that one is someone’s partner, and falsely making the person think that a sexual activity is some type of medical procedure.[37] Examples include a California man who snuck into the bedroom of an 18-year old woman right after her boyfriend left the bedroom, so she thought he was her boyfriend; an Israeli man who lied and told a woman he was a pilot and a medical doctor to have sex with her; and a US man who falsely claimed to be an NFL football player as a way to get sexual encounters.[38]

In Alexandra Sims' article entitled "Trans people could 'face rape charges' if they don’t declare sexual history, warns trans activist" she states that the UK Sexual Offences Act requires transgender people to tell partners about their gender history as part of its requirements that people making sexual consent decisions have access to information so that they can make informed consent about whether to have sex; trans activist Sophie Cook states that the law is an infringement on trans peoples' human rights and on their privacy.[39]

Education initiatives, policies and laws

General

Performers of Catharsis Productions act out scenarios in which a man acts inappropriately toward a woman during the play 'Sex Signals.' The goal of the play is to also help armed forces members understand what consent is and that 'no means no'.

Initiatives in sex education programs are working towards including and foregrounding topics of and discussions of sexual consent, in primary, high school and college Sex Ed curricula. In the UK, the Personal Social Health and Economic Education Association (PSHEA) is working to produce and introduce Sex Ed lesson plans in British schools that include lessons on "consensual sexual relationships," "the meaning and importance of consent" as well as "rape myths".[40] In U.S., California-Berkeley University has implemented affirmative and continual consent in education and in the school’s policies.[41] In Canada, the Ontario government has introduced a revised Sex Ed curriculum to Toronto schools, including new discussions of sex and affirmative consent, healthy relationships and communication.[42] Many universities have instituted campaigns about consent. Creative campaigns with attention-grabbing slogans and images that market consent can be effective tools to raise awareness of campus sexual assault and related issues.[43]

The Guardian reported that Oxford and Cambridge have added sexual consent workshops; one such workshop included a "quiz about the rates of sexual or gender crimes" and a discussion of three fictional "scenarios of sexual contact", including a story of groping at a party, a relationship in which one partner stopped participating, but the other person, who was sexually excited, continued to proceed to new sex acts, and a case in which a couple was drunk and had sex. [44] The aim of the workshop was to consider if consent was asked for and obtained in these scenarios.[45] While Sydney University has introduced an online sexual consent course, Nina Funnell states that it has been criticized by students, professors and sexual assault prevention leaders as "tokenistic", inexpensive, and ineffective in changing student attitudes or actions.[46]

Some UK universities are launching bystander intervention programs that teach people to intervene when they see potential sexual misconduct situations, for example, by moving a male friend at a party away from an intoxicated woman he is talking to, if she seems unable to consent to his advances. [47] One challenge with bystander education programs is that a study has shown that white female students are less likely to intervene in a hypothetical situation where they see an intoxicated black woman being led towards a bedroom at a party by a non-intoxicated male, as white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help women of colour and they feel that the black woman is deriving pleasure from the situation.[48]

"No means no"

A FEMEN activist holds a sign reading "Non=Non", French for "no=no", at a protest.

The Canadian Federation of Students (CFS) created the "No Means No" campaign in the 1990s to increase awareness by university students about "sexual assault, acquaintance rape, and dating violence" and decrease the incidence of these issues. The CFS developed a “No Means No” campaign that included research on sexual assault and producing and distributing buttons, stickers, posters and postcards with the slogan and other information. According to the CFS, "No Means No" to set in place a no tolerance approach to sexual violence and harassment and educate students about these issues.[49]

Concerns about the "no means no" approach developed, however, because some people cannot say no, either because they are not conscious, intoxicated or facing threats or coercion, with the coercion issue being especially important in cases where there is a power imbalance between two people in a sexual encounter. To address these concerns, there was a shift from 'no means no' to 'yes means yes' (affirmative consent), to ensure that people were not having sexual actions taken on them due to not speaking up or not resisting. [50] Amanda Hess states that a person may not be able to say no, or they may be intoxicated or passed out, or they may freeze up from fear.[51]

Sherry Colb criticizes the "no means no" approach on the grounds that it makes sexual contact the "default" option when two people have agreed to be in private in a date-like situation, at least until the woman says "no" to the other person's advances. Colb says that under the "no means no" approach, a man who is in private with a woman in a romantic context can undress her and penetrate her if she does not say "no", even if she is staring ahead and saying and doing nothing, which Colb says treats being quiet or not moving as an invitation to sex.[52] She says that under a "no means no" approach, there is not a metaphorical "Do Not Trespass" sign on a woman's body, and as such, women have to fear that accepting a date and being in private with the partner could lead to unwanted sex.[53]

Affirmative: "yes means yes"

A logo for the "yes means yes" campaign.

Affirmative consent ("yes means yes") is when both parties agree to sexual conduct, either through clear, verbal communication or nonverbal cues or gestures.[54] With "yes means yes", a person can still say "no" after an initial yes. "Yes means yes" was developed by a group of women at the US liberal arts school Antioch College in 1991, who "...successfully petitioned for a conduct-code amendment that explicitly defined sexual consent as requiring an enthusiastic “yes” from everyone involved. [55] Prior to this, sex was considered consensual as long as neither party said “no.”" (the "no means no" approach). As of 2014, at Antioch College, students must "...get explicit verbal permission before making any sexual advance", asking "'Can I do this?' And the [other] person has to respond verbally, 'Yes.' And if they don't, it's considered nonconsent, and that's a violation of...[college] policy"; a pre-arranged hand signal can also be used if the students made a "prior verbal agreement".[56]

The "yes means yes" approach involves communication and the active participation of people involved. This is the approach endorsed by colleges and universities in the U.S.,[57] who describe consent as an "affirmative, unambiguous, and conscious decision by each participant to engage in mutually agreed-upon sexual activity." Claremont McKenna College Dean of Students Mary Spellman says "yes means yes" can be expressed nonverbally by determining "[i]s the [other] person actively participating?...Are they touching me when I am touching them? Are they encouraging me when I'm doing various different things? Those would all be signs that the person is an active participant in whatever is going on."[58]

According to Yoon-Hendricks, a staff writer for Sex, Etc., "Instead of saying 'no means no,' 'yes means yes' looks at sex as a positive thing." Ongoing consent is sought at all levels of sexual intimacy regardless of the parties' relationship, prior sexual history or current activity ("Grinding on the dance floor is not consent for further sexual activity," a university policy reads).[54] By definition, affirmative consent cannot be given if a person is intoxicated, unconscious or asleep.

There are three pillars often included in the description of sexual consent, or "the way we let others know what we're up for, be it a good-night kiss or the moments leading up to sex."

They are:

  1. Knowing exactly what and how much I'm agreeing to
  2. Expressing my intent to participate
  3. Deciding freely and voluntarily to participate[54]

To obtain affirmative consent, rather than waiting to say or for a partner to say "no", one gives and seeks an explicit "yes". This can come in the form of a smile, a nod or a verbal yes, as long as it's unambiguous, enthusiastic and ongoing. Denice Labertew of the California Coalition Against Sexual Assault says that while the words used in "yes means yes" may vary, the main idea is that both people are agreeing to do sex acts.[54] She says that "yes means yes" requires a major change in how we think of sexual assault, as it requires men and women to agree to and actively participate in sex.[54] T.K. Pritchard says that even after consent is given, participants in an encounter should be "constantly checking in", and that there should be checking in before sexual contact, during sex, and after sex, to ensure consent was given.[59] Lauren Larson states that a person should check in with their sex partner before kissing or sex, and also, even during sex, when they change the speed of an action, switch to a different position, or move their hands to a new body area.[60]

Even in a "yes means yes" paradigm, if a partner asks in a way where there is not room or a "no", or if they get a no and then use guilt to manipulate the person, that can be considered sexual coercion rather than consent; other examples include if a partner seeking sex complains that their need for sex is not being met, shows passive-aggressive behaviour, or persistently asks again and again until they get a "yes".[61] Conn Caroll states that social conservatives may support the "yes means yes" laws, as the increased risk of being found guilty of sexual misconduct will lessen student interest in "hook up culture" and create an incentive for men to form long-term, committed relationships with women, rather than just seeking out one-night stands.[62]

In a Time article, Cathy Young states that the California "yes means yes" law is unlikely to make sexual predators less likely to attack or keep victims safe; she says it creates unclear and capricious rules on sexual activity and moves the burden of proof to those who are accused, who are typically male. [63] Young states that when the San Gabriel Valley Tribune asked a lawmaker how an innocent accused person could prove that he obtained consent, she was told “Your guess is as good as mine.”[64] A judge overruled a University of Tennessee-Chattanooga ruling that a male student did not obtain consent; the judge wrote that "...[a]bsent the tape recording of a verbal consent or other independent means to demonstrate that consent was given, the ability of an accused to prove the complaining party's consent strains credulity and is illusory".[65]

Robert Shibley notes that Jonathan Chait has expressed concern that colleges with "yes means yes" rules are removing due process; Shibley argues that fairness and consistency are needed in disciplinary systems; he states that even though college tribunals are not law courts, they still have elements of court trials, as they are based on an allegation, an investigation is done, a hearing is held, evidence is brought forward, sentences are handed down, and there is an appeal that can be made. [66] Shibley states that accused do not have core protections and he states that the college does the investigation, judges the case in the trial, and hears the appeal, which means there is not a separation of functions.[67] Camille Paglia calls "yes means yes" laws "drearily puritanical" and totalitarian.[68] In "Consent: It’s Not Sexy", Victoria Campbell criticizes affirmative consent on the grounds that it "...values proof and evidence over the lived experience of those involved" and it turns sex into a contractual activity in a manner akin to the way marriage traditionally provided contractual consent to sex[69]. Sarah Nicole Prickett criticizes affirmative consent because these rules are premised on the idea of feminine passivity; under this cultural paradigm, she says that if a woman shows sexual interest during an encounter, she is seen as "slutty or crazy" or as showing "too much" sexuality.[70]

In "When Saying ‘Yes’ Is Easier Than Saying ‘No’", Jessica Bennett says that one challenge is "gray zone sex" where a woman says yes to an initiator in a sexual encounter when she "desperately" means "no", engaging in what she calls "begrudgingly consensual sex" because saying yes is easier than explaining a "no" or exiting the situation, and because Western culture teaches women to be "‘nice’ and ‘quiet’ and ‘polite" and to "protect others’ feelings" at the expense of the woman's own feelings and desires.[71] Julianne Ross states that in a Western society where sexual narratives focus on male desire, what women want can be deemed less important; as such, in this context, women in heterosexual encounters may feel a pressure to say yes to certain sex acts for fear that they may be criticized as a "prude" if they do not agree, or because the women want to fit into social expectations in their group, or because they are seeking validation.[72]

A variant of "yes means yes" consent is enthusiastic consent. Project Respect states that "positive sexuality" needs to start with enthusiastic consent" in which a person is as "excited and into someone else’s enjoyment" a they are, an engaged partner.[73] Planned Parenthood says that enthusiastic consent can be seen when a partner is "...happy, excited, or energized".[74] Australia's NSW Minister for the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Pru Goward has called for an enthusiastic consent, with has been defined as an approach that helps to ensure that both participants want to be in the encounter.[75] A sexual assault survivor who supports the enthusiastic consent model states that "...if it's not an enthusiastic yes, then it's not enough." [76] Dr Nicola Henry stated that "legislating and determining "enthusiastic" [consent] in a court would be challenging.[77] Benedict Brook defines "enthusiastic consent" as “yes mean yes” with more vigour and with "constant checking in between partners that all is well." [78]

Gaby Hinsliff, in a The Guardian article entitled "Consent is not enough: if you want a sexual partner, look for enthusiasm", states that "enthusiasm, the unmistakable sense of not being able to keep your hands off each other [in an encounter]...is harder to mistake for anything else. And if it was there, but suddenly evaporates – well, you could always ask what’s wrong. If those two words kill the mood dead, it almost certainly wasn’t the right mood to start with."[79] It is "...meant to help clarify the places at which [sexual] initiators unintentionally and sometimes unknowingly cross from sexual experience to sexual assault.” [80] In Robyn Urback's article "To McGill activists, a 'yes' doesn't mean consent", she states that the "Forum on Consent hosted at McGill suggests that a meek “yes,” or a nonchalant “yes,” or a “yes” without emphatic body language does not constitute consent. According to the panel “It must be loud and clear"".[81]

The "enthusiastic consent" model has been criticized by asexual people and sex workers, as people in these categories may choose to have sex with people even though they are not "particularly wanting it or enjoying it themselves".[82] Lily Zheng states that while enthusiastic consent is good theory, it is a "nightmare in real-life intimacy" and she says that since it cannot "...move beyond guesswork, cues and assumptions [it] plays right into normative — straight, white, cisgender, middle-class — ideas about society", which means it does not work well for Asians, blacks, queer communities and other racial or sexual minorities.[83] Zheng states that the enthusiastic consent model is "so vague" that "determining whether or not a real interaction was “enthusiastic” or not becomes next to impossible".[84] Julianne Ross states that consenting adults may have sex that they both want to have without giving "enthusiastic consent", such as couples having sex to get pregnant or couples who want to please each other. [85] One challenge with getting people to give enthusiastic consent in the bedroom is that women may be reticent to speak about their sexual desires because of a fear that they may be "slut-shamed".[86] Robert Tracinski asks "how can you tell if she is saying yes with sufficient enthusiasm?"[87]

The advocacy group named The Affirmative Consent Project is providing 'sexual consent kits' at US universities. The kits include a contract which the parties can sign, stating that they consent to having sexual relations. The kits suggest that the couple take a photo of themselves holding the contracts.[88] NYU law professor Amy Adler commented about the depiction of consent contracts in the novel Fifty Shades of Grey; she states the signing of the legal contract before sex could help to avoid uncertainty in sexual encounters. [89] In Emma Green's article about the film, entitled "Consent Isn’t Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades", she disagrees with consent contracts as a solution on the grounds that "even explicit consent" may not be enough in hard-drinking college dorm environments where most students have little experience with negotiating sexual permission.[90]

In the 2010s, smartphone apps have been developed to give couples the ability to electronically consent to sexual relations. Apps include We-Consent, Sa-Sie, LegalFling and Good2Go. LegalFling uses blockchain and sets out each person's terms and conditions, such as requiring condom use or agreeing to specific acts.[91] However, concerns have been raised about these "consent apps". The Good2Go app gives a record of sexual consent that the company claims can be used as evidence of consent and capacity, from an intoxication perspective, for consent; however, the app was removed from sale because both men and women did not like clicking on a smartphone in the bedroom to record their consent.[92] A lawyer states that legally, apps are redundant and could only serve as circumstantial evidence, because they generally do not take into account a person's right to withdraw consent at any point in the sexual interaction.[93]

In Reina Gattuso's article entitled "Seven reasons consent apps are a terrible idea", she criticizes consent apps on the grounds that: a person can withdraw consent at any point, including minutes after clicking yes on the app; the binary yes or no approach of the apps simplifies the complexity of consent; the app cannot legally confer agreement to each change in sex acts; they make consent too much about legal proofs and setting down evidence; and they change what should be a continuous process of communication into a quick action.[94] Cricket Epstein states that using consent apps have a "victim-blaming" mentality that suggests that the person who is asked to click on the app may become a false accuser; as well, she says the app may protect perpetrators, because once agreement is clicked on the app, it will be harder for a complainant to say that she or he had sex acts done without consent.[95]

Other views

Legal scholar Robin West stated in a 2000 article that the use of consent as an ethical premise for life decisions may increase happiness in the world, except for women. She states that women technically consent to many of the life experiences that lead to misery for women, such as pregnancies they did not wish to have, marriages to spouses who beat them, or jobs where a boss sexually harasses them, since they consented to the sex, marriage or taking the job, respectively (even if they did not want the adverse results, such as on-the-job harassment). West states that if we make consent the key ethical standard in life, then all of these negative experiences for women will be not able to be criticized, as people will say that the woman chose of her own free will to enter that situation.[96]

In "Why Yes Can Mean No", Jordan Bosiljevac states that "yes" does not necessarily mean consent for "...poor, disabled, queer, non-white, trans, or feminine" people; she states that consent approaches are a form of privilege created for well-to-do, hetero, cis, White, able-bodied people.[97] Donna Oriowo states that "...when we talk about consent, we very rarely are talking about black women or women of color", and the focus is usually on white women, with black women accusers continuing to face doubt and blame due to tropes depicting black women as "...over-sexed and only want[ing] sex." [98] Some younger feminists argue that consent is not truly possibly when there is a power disparity between partners in an encounter; Laura Kipnis disagrees, arguing that it is "...precisely the dynamics of power—of status, money, appearance, age, talent—that create desire" between people in a sexual context, with desire being one of the elements Kipnis thinks we should focus on.[99]

Kate Lockwood Harris argues that consent initiatives, such as "no means no" and "yes means yes" use views about communication which she sees as false myths, such as the claim that communication during sex can and should be a binary, unambiguous "no" or "yes". Harris states that by calling for this type of response, anti-assault advocates are lowering the complexity of communication competence between the two people and lessening the opportunities to make consent a political act.[100]

Jed Rubenfeld of Yale Law School wrote in a review that consent should not be the (sole) criterion to judge whether a sexual contact is legal or not. First, in stark contrast to other legal areas (e.g. qualification for a mortgage or an insurance, see misrepresentation), there is generally no requirement to be truthful before obtaining sexual consent. Secondly, rape laws intend to protect sexual autonomy, but yet the only thing that can override somebody's autonomy is coercion, or exploiting somebody's incapacitation. In Rubenfeld's view, the defenselessness of a person, or the use (or threat) of force, is therefore the only criterion which can define rape in a logical way.[101]

Concepts of affirmative consent are more challenging in BDSM encounters, particularly in settings where the participants agree to "consensual non-consent", also called meta-consent and blanket consent, a mutual agreement to be able to act as if consent has been waived. It is an agreement where comprehensive consent is given in advance, with the intent of it being irrevocable under most circumstances. This often occurs without foreknowledge of the exact actions planned.[102][103] Even if two participants in a BDSM encounter agree that they consent to violence, in Canada, the law limits what violent sexual act people can consent to; specifically, Canadians cannot consent to getting seriously injured.[104]

Philip Henry states that non-consensual groping of bottoms and crotches is tolerated in some gay bars.

Ezra Klein supports California's "yes means yes" law for the state's colleges on the grounds that there are too many sexual assaults; as such, he endorses broad new legal measures like California's newly created law.[105] While he acknowledges that the law impinges on the personal sexual lives of people, he says that to work, the new law needs to have "overreach", so that it will create a "cold spike of fear" among college men about whether a sexual encounter is consensual. [106] Klein states that cases where it is unclear whether consent was or was not given will be a necessary part of the law's effectiveness, as these cases will help to reduce sexual assaults, as students become aware of the disciplinary process and the consequences for those found guilty.[107] Freddie deBoer states that if "yes means yes" becomes widespread, it would lead to a lower standard of proof being available to law enforcement and justice institutions which have thus far shown evidence of using racial or class-based prejudice when assessing and trying cases (e.g., driving while black); this could lead to "yes means yes" charges and punishments falling disproportionately on students of color or those from working class backgrounds.[108]

Philip Henry states that the male gay community tolerates and even encourages non-consenting grabbing and groping of butts and crotches in gay venues because the boundaries of consent are blurred in the gay club environment, particularly when there is drinking and semi-nude patrons dancing.[109] He says that when a gay man does experience unwanted groping and expresses concern, he is often told to "calm down" or that groping "comes with the territory” in a gay venue.[110] Gay men in the chemsex scene, where couples or groups consume GHB or crystal meth prior to extensive sex, have stated that consent is not clearly defined and there can be a perception that anyone at a "party and play" get-together is assumed to consent.[111]

In "Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic", Rennie McDougall states that adding modern consent approaches to gay spaces such as gay bars and saunas would have a negative effect on gay men's sexual interactions, because non-consensual but non-threatening hands of a stranger on a bottom, chest or crotch can be a "positive part of sexual discovery" for gay men.[112] An article about queer students at McGill University states that in queer sexual encounters, there is not a set script of activities, as with heterosexual sex, and queer sex is more exploratory; as such, there are more discussions about consent between queer partners about every step and act.[113] However, Rebecca Kahn states that in queer encounters where one person is cis-gender and one person is trans, the cis person may have more power in the relationship that can give the trans person "...feelings of fear, or more subtly,...a desire to please the more privileged partner" in the encounter; Kahn says that to address these power differentials, the privileged partner should make sure the marginalized person feels comfortable by letting them know that consent is not assumed.[114]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Roffee James A., 'When Yes Actually Means Yes: Confusing Messages and Criminalising Consent' in Rape Justice: Beyond the Criminal Law eds. Powell A., Henry N., and Flynn A., Palgrave, 2015".
  2. 1 2 3 Beres. A, Melanie (18 January 2007). "'Spontaneous' Sexual Consent: An Analysis of Sexual Consent Literature". Feminism & Psychology. 17 (93): 93. doi:10.1177/0959353507072914.
  3. ↑ Pineau, Lois (1989). "'Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis'". Law and Philosophy. 8 (217).
  4. ↑ Thomas KA, Sorenson SB, Joshi M. "Consent is good, joyous, sexy": A banner campaign to market consent to college students. Journal of American College Health. 2016; 64(8):639-650
  5. ↑ Criminal Code, Canadian (2015). "'Canadian Criminal Code'". Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  6. 1 2 Hall, David S. (10 August 1998). "'Consent for Sexual Behavior in a College Student Population'". Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 1.
  7. ↑ Hickman, S.E. and Muehlenhard, C.L. (1999) '"By the Semi-mystical Appearance of a Condom": How Young Women and Men Communicate Sexual Consent in Heterosexual Situations', The Journal of Sex Research 36: 258–72.
  8. ↑ "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights". Human Rights Law Review. 14: 541–572. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngu023.
  9. ↑ "The Synthetic Necessary Truth Behind New Labour's Criminalisation of Incest". Social & Legal Studies. 23: 113–130. doi:10.1177/0964663913502068.
  10. ↑ "Roffee, James (2015). When Yes Actually Means Yes in Rape Justice. 72 - 91". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
  11. ↑ Quinn-Nilas, C, Goncalves, M, Grant, A, & Kennett, D. (2018). '"A thematic analysis of men's sexual compliance with unwanted, non-coercive sex." Psychology Of Men And Masculinity, 19(2): 203-211.
  12. ↑ "No still means "no": Editorial". thestar.com. The Toronto Star. November 13, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  13. ↑ Balos, Beverly, and Mary Louise Fellows. "Guilty of the Crime of Trust: Nonstranger Rape." Minn. L. Rev. 75 (1990): 599.
  14. ↑ Wicktom, Cynthia Ann. "Focusing on the Offender's Forceful Conduct: A Proposal for the Redefiniton of Rape Laws." George Washington Law Review 56.2 (1988): 399-430.
  15. ↑ Tchen, Christina M. "Rape Reform and a Statutory Consent Defense." J. Crim. L. & Criminology 74 (1983): 1518.
  16. ↑ Franklin, Lauren (15 July 2018). "Men admit to having unwanted sex with women to 'prove they are not gay' or 'weird'". www.pinknews.co.uk. Pink News. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  17. ↑ Burdo, Kae (25 April 2016). "What Nobody Talks About When They Talk About Consent". www.bustle.com. Bustle. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  18. ↑ "How Do I Know If I Have Consent?". www.dartmouth.edu. Dartmouth. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  19. ↑ Keenan, Sandy (28 July 2015). "Affirmative Consent: Are Students Really Asking?". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  20. ↑ Burdo, Kae (25 April 2016). "What Nobody Talks About When They Talk About Consent". www.bustle.com. Bustle. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  21. ↑ Burdo, Kae (25 April 2016). "What Nobody Talks About When They Talk About Consent". www.bustle.com. Bustle. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  22. ↑ Smith, Tovia (13 June 2014). "A Campus Dilemma: Sure, 'No' Means 'No,' But Exactly What Means 'Yes'?". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  23. ↑ Dimeo-Ediger, Winona (13 September). "A plain and simple guide to understanding consent". www.dailydot.com. Daily Dot. Retrieved 21 June 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ Feldman Barrett, Lisa (11 May 2018). "Why Men Need to Stop Relying on Non-Verbal Consent, According to a Neuroscientist". time.com. Time. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Pam Belluck (April 22, 2015). "Iowa Man Found Not Guilty of Sexually Abusing Wife With Alzheimer's". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  26. ↑ Gray, Jacquelyn (1 March 2016). "WHEN CONSENT CAN'T BE GIVEN: WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT SEX & DISABILITY LAWS". crimefeed.com. Crime Feed. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  27. ↑ Gray, Jacquelyn (1 March 2016). "WHEN CONSENT CAN'T BE GIVEN: WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT SEX & DISABILITY LAWS". crimefeed.com. Crime Feed. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  28. ↑ Deborah W. Denno, Sexuality, Rape, and Mental Retardation, 1997 U. Ill. L. Rev. 315 (1997) Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/121
  29. ↑ "Alcohol & Sexual Assault". sapac.umich.edu. University of Michigan Sexual Assault Prevention and Awareness Center. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  30. ↑ "Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it". www.cbc.ca. CBC. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  31. ↑ "Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it". www.cbc.ca. CBC. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  32. ↑ "Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it". www.cbc.ca. CBC. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  33. ↑ Mahoney, Jill; Makin, Kirk (27 May 2011). "No consent in unconscious sex case, Supreme Court rules". www.theglobeandmail.com. Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  34. ↑ "Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it". www.cbc.ca. CBC. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it". www.cbc.ca. CBC. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  36. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (26 December 2017). "Rape by Deception: Sexual misconduct by lying or withholding". www.psychologytoday.com. Psychology Today. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  37. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (26 December 2017). "Rape by Deception: Sexual misconduct by lying or withholding". www.psychologytoday.com. Psychology Today. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  38. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (26 December 2017). "Rape by Deception: Sexual misconduct by lying or withholding". www.psychologytoday.com. Psychology Today. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  39. ↑ Sims, Alexandra (11 June 2016). "Trans people could 'face rape charges' if they don't declare sexual history, warns trans activist". www.independent.co.uk. Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2018. 'By forcing transgender people to disclose their history to prospective partners the law is not only infringing their human rights it’s also reinforcing the bigoted idea that trans people are in some way abhorrent'
  40. ↑ Rawlinson, Kevin (9 March 2015). "'Plans for sexual consent lessons in schools 'do not go far enough". Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  41. ↑ Grinberg, E. (29 September 2014). "'Enthusiastic yes in sex consent education'". Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  42. ↑ Rushowy, Kristin (25 February 2015). "'In Ontario sex ed, consent the hot issue'". Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  43. ↑ Thomas KA, Sorenson SB, Joshi M. "Consent is good, joyous, sexy": A banner campaign to market consent to college students. Journal of American College Health. 2016; 64(8):639-650
  44. ↑ Fenton, Siobahn (28 October 2014). "What I learned in a sexual consent class at Oxford". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  45. ↑ Fenton, Siobahn (28 October 2014). "What I learned in a sexual consent class at Oxford". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  46. ↑ Funnell, Nina (30 January 2018). "Sydney University's Consent Matters Course is tokenistic". www.news.com.au. news.com.au. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  47. ↑ Westmarland, Nicole; Doyle, Jennifer (19 November 2015). "We can't run away from rape". www.timeshighereducation.com. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 14 July 2018. Rather than seeing participants as potential victims or perpetrators, such “bystander education” programmes aim to empower individuals not only proactively to intervene to prevent sexual assaults from being perpetrated
  48. ↑ Bess, Gabby (13 March 2017). "White Women Less Likely to Help Sexual Assault Victim If She's Black Bystander intervention is seen as one of the most powerful tools in preventing on-campus sexual assaults—but a new study shows that white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help their black peers". broadly.vice.com. Broadly/Vice. Retrieved 14 July 2018. "We found that although white students correctly perceived that black women were at risk in a pre-assault situation, they tended not to feel as personally involved in the situation," the researchers at SUNY Geneseo, Jennifer Katz and Christine Merrilees, said in an interview with PsyPost. In other words, "despite their shared status as women, white female bystanders in the current study may have felt that a Black woman's plight was not as personally relevant because race has a more powerful effect than gender on intent to intervene and feelings of responsibility to intervene," they write in the study. line feed character in |title= at position 69 (help)
  49. ↑ "No means no, in every way, in every language". cfs-ns.ca. Canadian Federation of Students. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  50. ↑ Mahoney, Neve (17 October 2017). "Creating a consent culture beyond 'no means no'". www.eurekastreet.com. Eureka Street. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  51. ↑ Jackson, Abby (31 July 2015). "Why a law meant to protect college students from rape has become so polarizing". www.businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  52. ↑ Colb, Sherry (29 October 2014). "Making Sense of "Yes Means Yes"". verdict.justia.co. Justica. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  53. ↑ Colb, Sherry (29 October 2014). "Making Sense of "Yes Means Yes"". verdict.justia.co. Justica. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Grinberg, E. (29 September 2014). "'Enthusiastic yes in sex consent education'". Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  55. ↑ Mettler, Katie (15 February 2018). "'No means no' to 'yes means yes': How our language around sexual consent has changed". www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  56. ↑ Smith, Tovia (14 June 2014). "A Campus Dilemma: Sure, 'No' Means 'No,' But Exactly What Means 'Yes'?". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  57. ↑ "...affirmative consent standards have been adopted at colleges across the nation, including every Ivy League university except Harvard. "Affirmative consent: A primer" Christine Emba Washington Post Oct 12 2015 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2015/10/12/affirmative-consent-a-primer/
  58. ↑ Smith, Tovia (14 June 2014). "A Campus Dilemma: Sure, 'No' Means 'No,' But Exactly What Means 'Yes'?". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  59. ↑ Bouchard, Nathalie (14 February 2018). "Event works to inform students on consent in various contexts". thecord.ca. The Cord. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  60. ↑ Larson, Lauren (30 May 2018). "Your Gnarliest Questions About Consent, Answered". www.gq.com. GQ. Retrieved 14 July 2018. Don’t just check in before you kiss, go down on, or have sex with your partner. Check in when you change speeds, switch positions, and move your hands.
  61. ↑ Burdo, Kae (25 April 2016). "What Nobody Talks About When They Talk About Consent". www.bustle.com. Bustle. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  62. ↑ Carroll, Conn (7 October 2014). "A Conservative Case for Affirmative Consent Laws". townhall.com. Townhall. Retrieved 7 July 2018. But, from a social conservative viewpoint, is this really all that bad? Why on earth are we so concerned about protecting those who participate in the hook up culture? Shouldn't we want to create an incentive structure for men that encourage them to invest in long-term emotional relationships with the women they want physical intimacy from?
  63. ↑ Young, Cathy (29 August 2014). "Campus Rape: The Problem With 'Yes Means Yes'". time.com. Time. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  64. ↑ Young, Cathy (29 August 2014). "Campus Rape: The Problem With 'Yes Means Yes'". time.com. Time. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  65. ↑ Schow, Ashe (13 August 2015). "One year in, 'yes-means-yes' policies begin to fall apart". www.washingtonexaminer.com. Washington Examiner. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  66. ↑ Shibley, Robert (`7 October 2014). "What Ezra Klein Gets Wrong about the 'Yes Means Yes' Law in California". www.thefire.org. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ↑ Shibley, Robert (`7 October 2014). "What Ezra Klein Gets Wrong about the 'Yes Means Yes' Law in California". www.thefire.org. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ↑ Paglia, Camille. Free Women, Free Men: Sex, Gender, Feminism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, p. 273
  69. ↑ Alvarez, Ana Cecilia (29 April 2015). "Consent: It's Not Sexy". thenewinquiry.com. The New Inquiry. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  70. ↑ Alvarez, Ana Cecilia (29 April 2015). "Consent: It's Not Sexy". thenewinquiry.com. The New Inquiry. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  71. ↑ Bennett, Jessica (16 December 2017). "When Saying 'Yes' Is Easier Than Saying 'No'". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2018. For years, my female friends and I have spoken, with knowing nods, about a sexual interaction we call “the place of no return.” It is a kind of sexual nuance that most women instinctively understand: the situation you thought you wanted, or maybe you actually never wanted, but somehow here you are and it’s happening and you desperately want out, but you know that at this point exiting the situation would be more difficult than simply lying there and waiting for it to be over. In other words: saying yes when we really mean no.
  72. ↑ Ross, Julianne (8 April 2015). "What the Conversation Around "Yes Means Yes" Is Missing". mic.com. Mic. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  73. ↑ "Consent". www.yesmeansyes.com. Yes Means Yes. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  74. ↑ "All About Consent". www.plannedparenthood.org. Planned Parenthood. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  75. ↑ "'Enthusiastic consent': What is it, how do you prove it, and will it work in court?". www.abc.net.au. Triple J Hack. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  76. ↑ "'Enthusiastic consent': What is it, how do you prove it, and will it work in court?". www.abc.net.au. Triple J Hack. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  77. ↑ "'Enthusiastic consent': What is it, how do you prove it, and will it work in court?". www.abc.net.au. Triple J Hack. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  78. ↑ Brook, Benedict (24 January 2018). "Affirmative consent: The two words blokes need to get their heads around". www.news.com.au. news.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  79. ↑ Hinsliff, Gaby (29 January 2015). "Consent is not enough: if you want a sexual partner, look for enthusiasm". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  80. ↑ Tracinski, Robert (25 January 2018). "Feminists To Women: You're Consenting To Sex Wrong: 'Enthusiastic consent' is just another way of telling problematic women they're doing things wrong by lecturing them on how to have politically correct sex". thefederalist.com. The Federalist. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  81. ↑ Urback, Robyn (27 February 2014). "Robyn Urback: To McGill activists, a 'yes' doesn't mean consent". nationalpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  82. ↑ Barker, Meg John. The Psychology of Sex. Routledge, 2018.
  83. ↑ Lily, Zheng (4 November 2014). "How to ace sex: Why enthusiastic consent doesn't cut it". www.stanforddaily.com. Stanford Daily. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  84. ↑ Lily, Zheng (4 November 2014). "How to ace sex: Why enthusiastic consent doesn't cut it". www.stanforddaily.com. Stanford Daily. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  85. ↑ Ross, Julianne (8 April 2015). "What the Conversation Around "Yes Means Yes" Is Missing". mic.com. Mic. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  86. ↑ Ross, Julianne (8 April 2015). "What the Conversation Around "Yes Means Yes" Is Missing". mic.com. Mic. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  87. ↑ Tracinski, Robert (25 January 2018). "Feminists To Women: You're Consenting To Sex Wrong: 'Enthusiastic consent' is just another way of telling problematic women they're doing things wrong by lecturing them on how to have politically correct sex". thefederalist.com. The Federalist. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  88. ↑ Goldhill, Olivia (15 July 2015). "'Sexual consent contracts' are now a thing. Would you sign? 'Consent kits', complete with contracts, are being distributed to students at US universities with the intention of ensuring that both parties have agreed to sex. Olivia Goldhill reports". www.telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  89. ↑ Green, Emma (10 February 2015). "Consent Isn't Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades: The blockbuster fantasy has become a big movie—and a bigger problem". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  90. ↑ Green, Emma (10 February 2015). "Consent Isn't Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades: The blockbuster fantasy has become a big movie—and a bigger problem". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  91. ↑ Petrow, Steven (20 February 2018). "People are talking about sexual consent. Would an app help?". www.usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  92. ↑ Hinsliff, Gaby (29 January 2015). "Consent is not enough: if you want a sexual partner, look for enthusiasm". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  93. ↑ Petter, Olivia (14 May 2018). "Why Consent Apps Won't Work According to Criminal Lawyers". www.independent.co.uk. Independent. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  94. ↑ Gattuso, Reina (May 2018). "Seven reasons consent apps are a terrible idea". feministing.com. Femisting. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  95. ↑ Epstein, Cricket. "Nick Cannon's "Consent App" Gets Consent Completely Wrong". bust.com. Bust. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  96. ↑ Green, Emma (10 February 2015). "Consent Isn't Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades: The blockbuster fantasy has become a big movie—and a bigger problem". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  97. ↑ Bosiljevac, Jordan (30 April 2015). "Why Yes Can Mean No". cmcforum.com. The Forum. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  98. ↑ Oriowo, Donna (March 2018). "When We Talk About Consent, Who Are We Really Talking About?: "Somehow, when black female voices are raised up in anger, in disbelief and in pain, they are easily ignored."". blavity.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. The idea continues to be perpetuated that black women cannot be raped because of our supposed want or need for sex, that is almost masculine in nature — giving the assailant a pass because they believe they are just giving black women what they want.
  99. ↑ Smallwood, Christine (2 April 2017). "Laura Kipnis's Battle Against Vulnerability: The Northwestern University professor strengthens her polemic against campus sexual culture". www.newyorker.com. New Yorker. Retrieved 14 July 2018. But she believes that the “leakiness” and “idiocy” of sexual desire cannot be contained by regulation; people need to learn to deal with it themselves.
  100. ↑ Harris, Kate Lockwood (12 February 2018). "Yes means yes and no means no, but both these mantras need to go: communication myths in consent education and anti-rape activism". www.tandfonline.com. Journal of Applied Communication Research. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  101. ↑ Jed Rubenfeld. "The Riddle of Rape-by-Deception and the Myth of Sexual Autonomy" (PDF).
  102. ↑ "Consensual non-consent" Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine., Informed Consent dictionary, Accessed 12 June 2012.
  103. ↑ Dictionary of BDSM Terms, "Consensual Non-Consent", Accessed 12 June 2012.
  104. ↑ Hasselback, Drew (27 October 2014). "Canadian law imposes some limits on freedom to consent to violent sexual activity". nationalpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 16 July 2018. Jian Ghomeshi says that what he does in the bedroom is done with consent. This assertion invites a legal question: just how does consent work in Canadian law?
  105. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (16 October 2014). "An Appalling Case for Affirmative-Consent Laws: Ezra Klein expresses hope for "a haze of fear and confusion" on college campuses and "a cold spike of fear" in college men". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  106. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (16 October 2014). "An Appalling Case for Affirmative-Consent Laws: Ezra Klein expresses hope for "a haze of fear and confusion" on college campuses and "a cold spike of fear" in college men". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  107. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (16 October 2014). "An Appalling Case for Affirmative-Consent Laws: Ezra Klein expresses hope for "a haze of fear and confusion" on college campuses and "a cold spike of fear" in college men". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  108. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (16 October 2014). "An Appalling Case for Affirmative-Consent Laws: Ezra Klein expresses hope for "a haze of fear and confusion" on college campuses and "a cold spike of fear" in college men". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  109. ↑ Henry, Philip (17 November 2017). "How Gay Men Normalize Sexual Assault". www.them.us. Them. Retrieved 25 June 2018. Gay bars and gay venues offer a safe environment to celebrate our sexuality, free of judgment. Yet as we’ve built fences to protect us from the hatred of the outside world, we’ve forgotten the need to protect the people inside of it as well.
  110. ↑ Henry, Philip (17 November 2017). "How Gay Men Normalize Sexual Assault". www.them.us. Them. Retrieved 25 June 2018. Sexual assault has become so casually ingrained in gay bars and in our community in general that speaking up about it seems like a waste of time. I have had many conversations with people about this topic who find themselves defending these actions, and most arguments end up basically being “boys will be boys.” Well, it’s about time those boys be better.
  111. ↑ Zane, Zachary (11 September 2017). "It's Time to Talk About Chemsex and Consent". www.advocate.com. Advocate. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Consent often isn’t clearly defined among men who engage in chemsex. Various men have told me that consent is given up upon using drugs. “When I went into these situations, I went in with the knowledge that anything goes,” says Sam.
  112. ↑ McDougall, Rennie (19 December 2017). "Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic". www.slate.com. Slate/Outward. Retrieved 24 June 2018. But the sanitization of gay spaces—a total cleaning up of our sometimes messy brushes with desire—would be a profound loss. What arguments like these make clear is that when it comes to the language of assault, we should not generalize. A “strange hand on our butts” in a gay club, as Henry writes, is not necessarily an act of sexual violence. To lump the two ends of a spectrum together under one category of assault trivializes the seriousness of aggressive acts and ignores the fact that unexpected—but non-threatening—encounters can be a positive part of sexual discovery
  113. ↑ Kahn, Rebecca. "Talking about queer consent: The dynamics of consent in queer relationships merit their own discussion". mcgilldaily.com. McGill Daily. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  114. ↑ Kahn, Rebecca. "Talking about queer consent: The dynamics of consent in queer relationships merit their own discussion". mcgilldaily.com. McGill Daily. Retrieved 14 July 2018.

Further reading

  • Archard, David. Sexual consent. Westview Press, 1998.
  • Cowling, Mark. Making Sense of Sexual Consent. Routledge, 2017.
  • Ehrlich, Susan. Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent. Routledge, 2003.
  • Primoratz, Igor. "Sexual Morality: Is Consent Enough?". Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. September 2001, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp 201–218.
  • Refinetti, Roberto. Sexual Harassment and Sexual Consent. Routledge, 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.