Composite boson

A composite boson is a bound state of Fermions such that the combination gives a boson. Some examples are: Cooper pairs, mesons, Superfluid helium, Bose–Einstein condensates, Atomic bosons, and many other composite quantum states like Fermionic condensates. A composite particle containing an even number of fermions is a boson, since it has integer spin. These composite particle states have a symmetric wave function upon exchange of any pair of particles. The wave function is given by the permanent of single particle states for the non interacting case.

References

• University of Colorado (January 28, 2004). NIST/University of Colorado Scientists Create New Form of Matter: A Fermionic Condensate. Press Release.
• Rodgers, Peter & Dumé, Bell (January 28, 2004). Fermionic condensate makes its debut. PhysicWeb.
• Haegler, Philipp, "Hadron Structure from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics", Physics Reports 490, 49-175 (2010) [DOI 10.1016/j.physrep.2009.12.008]