Codex Gigas

The Codex Gigas; the opening with the portrait of the devil

The Codex Gigas (English: Giant Book) is the largest extant medieval illuminated manuscript in the world, at 92 cm (36 in) long.[1] It is also known as the Devil's Bible because of a very unusual full-page portrait of the devil, and the legend surrounding its creation.

It was created in the early 13th century in the Benedictine monastery of Podlažice in Bohemia (modern Czech Republic). It contains the complete Vulgate Bible as well as other popular works, all written in Latin. Between the Old and New Testaments are a selection of other popular medieval reference works: Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews and De bello iudaico, Isidore of Seville's encyclopedia Etymologiae, the chronicle of Cosmas of Prague,[2] and medical works; these are an early version of the Ars medicinae compilation of treatises, and two books by Constantine the African.[3]

Eventually finding its way to the imperial library of Rudolf II in Prague, the entire collection was taken as spoils of war by the Swedish in 1648 during the Thirty Years' War, and the manuscript is now preserved at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm, where it is on display for the general public.[4]

Very large illuminated bibles were a typical feature of Romanesque monastic book production,[5] but even within this group the page-size of the Codex Gigas is exceptional.

Illustration of the devil, Folio 290 recto.

Description

Illuminated initial at the start of one of the books of the bible

The codex's bookbinding is wooden boards covered in leather, with ornate metal guards and fittings. At 92 cm (36 in) long, 50 cm (20 in) wide and 22 cm (8.7 in) thick, it is the largest known medieval manuscript.[6] Weighing 74.8 kg (165 lb), Codex Gigas is composed of 310 leaves of vellum claimed to be made from the skins of 160 donkeys, or perhaps calfskin, covering 142.6 m2 (1,535 sq ft) in total.[7] It initially contained 320 sheets, though some of these were subsequently removed.[8] It is unknown who removed the pages or for what purpose but it seems likely that they contained the monastic rules of the Benedictines. But in popular fiction, the missing pages have been portrayed as having been deliberately removed, and containing an apocalyptic text known as 'The Devil's Prayer'.[9]

The manuscript includes illuminations in red, blue, yellow, green and gold. Capital letters at the start of books of the bible and the chronicle are elaborately illuminated in several colours, sometimes taking up most of the page; 57 of these survive. (The start of the Book of Genesis is missing). There are also 20 initials with the letters in blue, with vine decoration in red. With the exception of the portraits of the devil, an author portrait of Josephus, and a squirrel perched on top of an initial (f. 110v), the illuminations all display geometrical or plant-based forms, rather than human or animal forms.[10] There are also two images representing Heaven and Earth during the Creation, as blue and green circles with respectively the sun moon and some stars, and a planet all of sea with no landmasses. Within books, major capitals are much enlarged, taking up the height of about five to six lines of text, in red ink, and placed in the margins. Less important divisions such as the start of verses are slightly enlarged within the text and highlighted with yellowish ink around the letter forms.[11]

Folio 290 recto,[12] otherwise empty, includes a picture of the devil, about 50 cm tall. Directly opposite the devil is a full page depiction of the kingdom of heaven, thus juxtaposing contrasting images of Good and Evil. The devil is shown quite frontally, crouching with arms uplifted in a posture creating a dynamic effect, as if at any moment he could jump up to seize a new victim in his claws. His size is terrifying in itself where he alone fills the entire space of Hell, even though he does not reach up to the tops of the towers. He is naked except for a white loincloth covered all over in small comma-shaped red dashes which have been interpreted as the tails of ermine furs, the distinguishing attribute of a sovereign, in this particular case the Prince of Darkness, a mighty potentate. He has no tail, and his body, arms and legs are of normal human proportions, but his hands and feet with only four fingers and toes each, terminating in large claws, are bestial, as are his huge horns, which, like all his claws, are red as though dipped in blood.

He has a large, perfectly round, dark green head, and his hair forms, as it were, a skull cap of dense little curls. His eyes are small, with red pupils, and his red-tipped ears are large. His open mouth reveals his small white teeth, and two long red tongues protrude from the corners of his mouth.

This doubling of tongues evokes negative associations with serpents, which have forked tongues, a metaphoric reference to dishonest human beings. The expression ‘forked tongues’ is an ancient one and is found in the Bible (Nordenfalk 1975, n. 15).

Several pages before this double spread are written in yellow characters on a blackened parchment and have a very gloomy character, somewhat different from the rest of the codex. The reason for the variation in coloring is that the pages of the codex are of vellum. Vellum, or scraped and dried animal hide, "tans" when exposed to ultraviolet light. Over centuries, the pages that were most frequently turned have developed this tell-tale darker color.

The codex has a unified look as the nature of the writing is unchanged throughout, showing no signs of age, disease or mood on the part of the scribe. This may have led to the belief that the whole book was written in a very short time (see Legend), but scientists are starting to investigate the theory that it took over 20 years to complete.[13]

The length, size, and detail of the codex are of such extraordinary magnitude that legend surrounds its origin, specifically the story that it was written by one scribe in one night with help from the devil.[14][15]

History

Opening of the Gospel of Matthew

According to legend, the Codex was created by Herman the Recluse in the Benedictine monastery of Podlažice near Chrudim in the Czech Republic. The monastery was destroyed sometime in the 15th century during the Hussite Revolution. Records in the codex end in the year 1229. The codex was later pledged to the Cistercians Sedlec Monastery and then bought by the Benedictine monastery in Břevnov. From 1477 to 1593, it was kept in the library of a monastery in Broumov until it was taken to Prague in 1594 to form a part of the collections of the Emperor Rudolf II.

At the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the entire collection was taken as war booty by the Swedish army. From 1649 to 2007, the manuscript was kept in the Swedish Royal Library in Stockholm.[16] The site of its creation is marked by a maquette in the town museum of Chrast.

On Friday, 7 May 1697, a fierce fire broke out at the royal castle in Stockholm, and the Royal Library suffered very badly. The codex was rescued from the flames by being thrown out of a window. This damaged the binding and knocked loose some pages which are still missing today. According to the vicar Johann Erichsons, the codex landed on and injured a bystander.[17] In September 2007, after 359 years, the Codex Gigas returned to Prague on loan from Sweden until January 2008, and was on display at the Czech National Library.[18][19][20]

A National Geographic documentary included interviews with manuscript experts who argued that certain evidence (handwriting analysis and a credit to Hermann Inclusus – "Herman the Recluse") indicates the manuscript was the work of a single scribe.[21]

Content

The first page has two Hebrew alphabets. There are also added slips with Church Slavic and Glagolitic alphabets (Folio 1). About half of the codex (f. 1–118) consists of the entire Latin Bible in the Vulgate version, except for the books of Acts and Revelation, which are from a pre-Vulgate version. They are in the order: Genesis–Ruth; Isaiah–Daniel; Hosea–Malachi; Job; Samuel and Kings; Psalms–Song of Solomon; Wisdom of Solomon; Wisdom of Jesus; Esdras; Tobit; Judith; Esther; and Maccabees.[22]

The two works by Josephus then continue the history of the Jews (f. 118–178). The first page of Josephus, which recounts the Genesis creation story, is illustrated in the margin with the pictures of Heaven and Earth (f. 118v). These are followed by Isidore's Etymologiae (f. 201–239), and the medical works (f. 240–252). Following a blank page, the New Testament commences with Matthew–Acts, James–Revelation, and Romans–Hebrews (f. 253–286). This is followed by some pages with common prayers, and a page of "conjurations", "Three adjurations and two charms", some of them known from Jewish sources (f. 286–291). The full-page images of the Heavenly City and the devil are on f. 289–90 of this section. Then comes Cosmas of Prague's Chronicle of Bohemia (f. 294–304). A list of brothers in the Podlažice monastery, and a calendar with a necrology, magic formulae, the start of the introits for feasts, and other local records round out the codex (f. 305–312).[23]

Apart from the alphabets at the start, the entire book is written in Latin; in addition, it contains Hebrew, Greek, and Slavic alphabets (Cyrillic and Glagolitic).[24]

Legend

According to one version of a legend that was already recorded in the Middle Ages, the scribe was a monk who broke his monastic vows and was sentenced to be walled up alive. In order to avoid this harsh penalty he promised to create in one night a book to glorify the monastery forever, including all human knowledge. Near midnight, he became sure that he could not complete this task alone so he made a special prayer, not addressed to God but to the fallen angel Lucifer, asking him to help him finish the book in exchange for his soul. The devil completed the manuscript and the monk added the devil's picture out of gratitude for his aid.[1][25][26] In tests to recreate the work, it is estimated that reproducing only the calligraphy, without the illustrations or embellishments, would have taken five years of non-stop writing.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Codex Gigas". National Library of Sweden, Kungl. Biblioteket, Stockholm. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  2. ↑ KB, "About the Content"
  3. ↑ KB, Medical contents
  4. ↑ KB, "Codex Gigas"
  5. ↑ Cahn, Walter, Romanesque Bible Illumination, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1982, ISBN 0801414466
  6. ↑ Boldan, Kamil; Michal Dragoun; Duan Foltýn; Jindřich Marek; Zdeněk Uhlíř (2007). The Devil's Bible - Codex Gigas. The Secrets of the World's Largest Book. NKP. p. 15. ISBN 978-80-7050-532-8.
  7. ↑ "Description of the MS - Kungliga biblioteket". Kb.se. 2007-06-19. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  8. ↑ Boldan, Kamil; Michal Dragoun; Duan Foltýn; Jindřich Marek; Zdeněk Uhlíř (2007). The Devil's Bible - Codex Gigas. The Secrets of the World's Largest Book. NKP. p. 17. ISBN 978-80-7050-532-8.
  9. ↑ Gracias, Luke, "The Devil's Prayer", Australian eBook Publishers 2016, ISBN 9781925427332
  10. ↑ KB Selected Initials
  11. ↑ KB, "Decoration"
  12. ↑ "Devil's Bible - World Digital Library". WDL.org. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  13. 1 2 "Devil's Bible". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03.
  14. ↑ M. Gullick, The Codex Gigas. A revised version of the George Svensson lecture delivered at the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, November 2006, Biblis 28 (2007), pp. 5–19.
  15. ↑ Braun, David Maxwell. "Devil's Bible Darkest Secrets Explained – National Geographic Society (blogs)". voices.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  16. ↑ Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", Oxford University Press (New York – Oxford, 2005), p. 103.
  17. ↑ "The Stockholm Castle fire of 1697 - Kungliga biblioteket". Kb.se. 2007-06-19. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  18. ↑ "Return of the Devil's Bible to Prague draws crowds of curious Czechs". The Canadian Press. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24.
  19. ↑ "Czech and Central European news, business and opinion". The Prague Post. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  20. ↑ "Radio Prague - Borrowing the Devil's Bible". Radio.cz. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  21. ↑ "Mysteries of the Bible Episode Guide". Archived from the original on 2011-02-10.
  22. ↑ KB: Catalogue Description
  23. ↑ KB: Catalogue Description
  24. ↑ KB: Catalogue Description
  25. ↑ "Legends - Kungliga biblioteket". Kb.se. 2007-06-19. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  26. ↑ Rajandran, Sezin (2007-09-12). "Satanic inspiration". The Prague Post. Retrieved 2013-12-10.

"KB" = Official Codex Gigas site at the National Library of Sweden.

Further reading

  • Bártl, S., Kostelecký, J.: Ďáblova bible. Tajemství největší knihy světa, Paseka, 1993. ISBN 80-85192-64-0
  • J. Belsheim, Die Apostelgeschichte und die Offenbarung Johannis in einer alten lateinischen Übersetzung aus dem 'Gigas librorum' auf der königlichen Bibliothek zu Stockholm (Christiana, 1879).
  • M. Gullick, The Codex Gigas. A revised version of the George Svensson lecture delivered at the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, November 2006, Biblis 28 (2007), pp. 5–19.
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