China's Response to the West (book)

China's Response To The West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923 is a volume of historical documents translated from the Chinese, edited and with an introduction by Teng Ssu-yu and John King Fairbank. It was published in 1954 by Harvard University Press and reprinted several times in paperback. The documents are primarily essays and official writings on policy issues, starting with a memorial to the throne by Lin Zexu, a Qing dynasty official at the time of the Opium Wars, and finishing with selections from the writings of Liang Qichao and Sun Yat-sen in 1923, just after the New Culture Movement.

The book was influential in spreading the "impact and response" analysis of China's modern history, that is, the idea that China's modern history could best be viewed as a series of responses to the impact of the West, and has been blamed for the widespread idea that China's modernity was not generated internally but had to wait for the impact of the West.

Background

Both editors were trained by Chinese historians in China in the 1930s. John Fairbank was influenced by his Chinese academic supervisors, especially Tsiang Tingfu, a Columbia University trained Chinese historian. Teng Ssu-yu studied as an undergraduate at Yenching University, where he then taught for several years before coming to the United States in 1937.

The Introduction to the book explains that it is "a survey of one of the most interesting, but neglected aspects of modern history -- the way in which the scholar-official class of China, faced with the aggressive expansion of the modern West, tried to understand an alien civilization and take action to preserve their own culture and their political and social institutions"; its overrunning by the West was "bound to create a continuing and violent intellectual revolution...." [1]

An accompanying Research Guide gave bibliographic references and research comments.[2]

Reception and changing views

The University of Washington historian, Franz H. Michael reviewing the work in the journal World Politics wrote that the stages of Chinese reaction to the West provide a natural chronology", through an "excellent selection" makes available the "most important documents of each period and each point of view", providing a "kaleidoscopic picture" of these developments. The volume poses the question, Michael continued, of whether China's tradition "was to be reinterpreted in the light of modern conditions or totally rejected". In the end, Michael says, the volume does not pose or answer why both the imperial state and Confucian society were "altogether abandoned".[3]

The historian Paul A. Cohen, a student of Fairbank's, in his Discovering History in China, an influential critique of post-war American histories of China, devoted a chapter to the book and its influence, "The Problem with 'China's Response to the West'". [4] Cohen notes that Teng and Fairbank wrote that the terms "impact" and "response" were "not very precise," and "until we can work out a more precise analytic framework, the title of this study will remain more metaphorical than scientific." They call for caution in applying the "impact and response framework," but Cohen writes that later historians, including Fairbank himself, did not heed this warning.[5] Cohen sees several problems with the "impact-response" framework. One is that it ignores the "enigmatic and contradictory nature of the modern West," which is neither unified nor unchanging. Another is that "China" was equally diverse in its traditions and modes of response. [6]

References

  • Cohen, Paul A. (2010). Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231151924.
  • Harrison, Henrietta (2017). "The Qinalong Emperor's Letter to George Iii and the Early Twentieth Century Origins of Ideas About Traditional China's Foreign Relations". American Historical Review. 122 (3): 680–701. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.3.680.
  • Michael, Franz (1956). "The Fall of China (Review article)". World Politics. 8 (02): 296–306. doi:10.2307/2008976.
  • Têng, Ssu-yü; Fairbank, John King (1954). China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Institute of Pacific Relations.
  • Wang, Yi-t'ung (1955). "(Review)". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 18 (3/4): 489–494. JSTOR 2718452.

Notes

  1. ↑ TêngFairbank (1954), p. 1.
  2. ↑ Teng, S.-Y., & Fairbank, J. K. (1954). Research guide for China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923 Harvard University Press.
  3. ↑ Michael (1956).
  4. ↑ Cohen (2010), p. 9-.
  5. ↑ Cohen (2010), p. 200 n.6.
  6. ↑ Cohen (2010), p. 12-16.
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