Chaplygin's equation

In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow.^[1]^[2] It is

{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial \theta ^{2}}}+{\frac {v^{2}}{1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial v^{2}}}+v{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}=0.

Here, $c=c(v)$ is the speed of sound, determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy.

Derivation

For two-dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation and the Euler equations (in fact, the compressible Bernoulli's equation due to irrotationality) in Cartesian coordinates $(x,y)$ involving the variables fluid velocity $(v_{x},v_{y})$ , specific enthalpy $h$ and density $\rho$ are

{\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}(\rho v_{x})+{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}(\rho v_{y})&=0,\\h+{\frac {1}{2}}v^{2}&=h_{o}.\end{aligned}}

with the equation of state $\rho =\rho (s,h)$ acting as third equation. Here $h_{o}$ is the stagnation enthalpy, $v^{2}=v_{x}^{2}+v_{y}^{2}$ is the magnitude of the velocity vector and $s$ is the entropy. For isentropic flow, density can be expressed as a function only of enthalpy $\rho =\rho (h)$ , which in turn using Bernoulli's equation can be written as $\rho =\rho (v)$ .

Since the flow is irrotational, a velocity potential $\phi$ exists and its differential is simply $d\phi =v_{x}dx+v_{y}dy$ . Instead of treating $v_{x}=v_{x}(x,y)$ and $v_{y}=v_{y}(x,y)$ as dependent variables, we use a coordinate transform such that $x=x(v_{x},v_{y})$ and $y=y(v_{x},v_{y})$ become new dependent variables. Similarly the velocity potential is replaced by a new function (Legendre transformation)

\Phi =xv_{x}+yv_{y}-\phi

such the its differential is $d\Phi =xdv_{x}+ydv_{y}$ , therefore

x={\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v_{x}}},\quad y={\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v_{y}}}.

Introducing another coordinate transformation for the independent variables from $(v_{x},v_{y})$ to $(v,\theta )$ according to the relation $v_{x}=v\cos \theta$ and $v_{y}=v\sin \theta$ , where $v$ is the magnitude of the velocity vector and $\theta$ is the angle that the velocity vector makes with the $v_x$ -axis, the dependent variables become

{\begin{aligned}x&=\cos \theta {\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}-{\frac {\sin \theta }{v}}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial \theta }},\\y&=\sin \theta {\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}+{\frac {\cos \theta }{v}}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial \theta }},\\\phi &=-\Phi +v{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}.\end{aligned}}

The continuity equation in the new coordinates become

{\frac {d(\rho v)}{dv}}\left({\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}+{\frac {1}{v}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial \theta ^{2}}}\right)+\rho v{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial v^{2}}}=0.

For isentropic flow, $dh=\rho ^{-1}c^{2}d\rho$ , where $c$ is the speed of sound. Using the Bernoulli's equation we find

{\frac {d(\rho v)}{dv}}=\rho \left(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)

where $c=c(v)$ . Hence, we have

{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial \theta ^{2}}}+{\frac {v^{2}}{1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial v^{2}}}+v{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial v}}=0.

References

↑ Chaplygin, S. A. (1902). On gas streams. Complete collection of works.(Russian) Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 2.
↑ Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1982). Fluid Mechanics (2 ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 432.

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[1] Chaplygin, S. A. (1902). On gas streams. Complete collection of works.(Russian) Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 2.

[2] Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1982). Fluid Mechanics (2 ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 432.

Chaplygin's equation

Derivation

See also

References