Caste system in Goa

This article is about the Caste System in Goa, and describes the various Jātis or sub-castes to be found among Hindus belonging to the four varnas (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra), as well as those outside of them. The traditional Hindu caste system was also retained by the Goan Catholic peasant community, and as such, their castes are mentioned here in this article.

Hindu caste system

According to the Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu, Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979) the "chief castes" found in Goa are:

The Brahminical communities

The following castes are generally referred to as the high castes, and follow Brahminical religion. Almost all of them claim higher status than others and dispute the social status of the others. Brahmins are considered religious aristocracy amongst the Hindus of Goa.[1]

  • Pancha Gowda Brahmins
    • Gaud Saraswat Brahmins popularly known as GSBs. They are landowning though most were engaged in clerical jobs, trade, and landlords. They played important role in politics and other administrative jobs since many centuries, also were one of the first classes to have modern education.[2]
    • Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman were landowning class generally associated with agriculture and trade.
    • Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin were associated with trade and played important role in politics.
    • Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins Also known as Bhalavalikar Saraswat Brahmins.
  • Pancha Dravida Brahmins
    • The two sub-castes was known as the Padye Brahmins and Bhatt Prabhus, popularly known as Bhatt and Prabhu respectively, they generally associate themselves with Karhade Brahmins. They are landowning castes and were engaged as temples priests and in agriculture, some into money landing.[2]
    • Chitpavan Brahmins known as Konkanastha and have migrated to Goa from Northern Konkan in ancient times, mostly were employed as priests, astrologers and are well-known horticulturists.[2]
    • Kramavanta Joshi or Kriyavant Joshi, they were a class of priests who officiated Hindu funeral ceremony and were looked down upon by the above-mentioned castes.
  • Daivadnyas popularly known as Shett who are traditional jewellers and mercantile caste.[2]Daivadnya Brahmins come next to Brahmins in social status.[3]

The intermediate castes

The following castes are generally referred to as intermediate castes:

Konkani Marathas: The Marathas historically belonged to different groups such as Chardo, Ranes, and Marathas. Now all these sub-groups identify themselves as Kshatriya Maratha. They are politically and financially influential primary landlords caste. Most of them have been erstwhile gentry. Some of them have descended from the erstwhile ruling and oligarchic families.Some families were into trade. They are commonly known as Desai/Dessai and Ranes in different parts of Goa.[2]

  • Vaishya/Vaishya Vani: are the traditional community of traders, and are commonly known as Vanis.
  • Konkani Kharvi: Kharvis are largely involved in fisheries. Though they are presently a fishing community, their origin has been high caste Kshatriyas. Many of the Goan ancient literature confirms this including R.E Enthoven's "The Tribes and Castes of Bombay". In this book he says the Kharvis are majorly the martial class and the sailors till Maratha empire. They are one of the few communities who hold a right of sacred thread.

Peasants and others

The rest of the castes are generally referred to as the Bahujan samaj or the masses.[4] Almost all of them follow Folk Hinduism. These include:

Bhandaris

Bhandaris (commonly known as Bhanaryas) form the largest caste group in the state of Goa, reportedly being over 30% of that state's Hindu population, and play a major role in deciding the future of any political party there.They categorized as Other Backward Class.[5] They are the prominent peasant caste of Goa and Konkan.

Kalavants

Commonly known as Kalavants and now known as Gomantak Maratha Samaj is a group of various sub-castes who served the temples and the aristocrats in the olden days.Gomantak Maratha is relatively a new ameliorative name (coined in the late 20th century[6]) given to these groups for uniting and emancipating them.[7]

Others

Artisan castes include Charis, Chitaris who call themselves Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin and Kasars. They are included in the Other Backward Class list of the Government of India.

Rest of castes generally referred to as Shudras or Sudirs in Konkani do not really follow the four-fold varna system, but have recently started claiming higher status. Most of them have been practicing different occupations historically and now are categorized as Other Backward Class by Govt of Goa, these include Madval (Rajak, Dhobi), Dhangar, Gosavi, Pagui, Shimpi, Teli, Charis, Chitaris who call themselves Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin and Kasars., Nathjogi, [this list also includes Roman Catholic counterparts of few Hindu castes too].[2][8]

Scheduled Castes of Goa

Following castes are commonly known as Harijans or Dalits.

Scheduled Tribes of Goa

  • Dhodia (Halpati, Naikda (Nayaka), Siddi, Varli Kunbi, Gavda, Velip.

The Gauda and Kunbi are considered as aboriginals by some historians though this claim is disputed.

Other religions

In Goa, mass conversions were carried out by Portuguese Latin missionaries from the 16th century onwards. The Hindu converts retained their caste practices. The continued maintenance of the caste system among the Christians in Goa is attributed to the nature of mass conversions of entire villages, as a result of which existing social stratification was not affected. The Portuguese colonists, even during the Goan Inquisition, did not do anything to change the caste system. Thus, the original Hindu Brahmins in Goa now became Christian Bamonns and the Kshatriya became Christian noblemen called Chardos. The Christian clergy became almost exclusively Bamonn. Vaishyas who converted to Christianity became Gauddos, and Shudras became Sudirs. Finally, the Dalits or "Untouchables" who converted to Christianity became Maharas and Chamars (an appellation of the anti-Dalit ethnic slur Chamaar).[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MghtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&lpg=PT104&dq=aristocratic+of+gaud+saraswat+brahmin&source=bl&ots=7aDgZ2rqFE&sig=VO9Z_bGzz5w0mD7F2UVYa7yB_SI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiept29qJ_TAhUHK48KHZnLAjsQ6AEIczAO#v=onepage&q=aristocratic%20of%20gaud%20saraswat%20brahmin&f=false
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gomes Pereira, Rui (1978). Goa: Hindu temples and deities (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Pereira, 1978. pp. 1–231. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ↑ S. Rajendran. Survey Report on Village: Goa, Daman & Diu. Director of Census Operations, Goa, Daman & Diu: Controller of Publications. p. 10.
  4. ↑ Pinto, Jerry (2006). Reflected in Water: Writings on Goa (illustrated ed.). Penguin Books India,. p. 152. ISBN 9780143100812.
  5. ↑ "Treasurers of yore, now key to political fortune". The Times Of India. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  6. ↑ "Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B.D.Satoskar
  7. ↑ Gracias, Fatima da Silva. Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510-1961. p. 80.
  8. ↑ Central list of other backward classes
  9. ↑ Upper caste Catholics demand special rights, threaten to reconvert Indian Express - November 24, 1999

Further reading

  • Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu, Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979)
  • The Gazette of India,Extraordinary,Part-1,section-1,published by authority,India"The Gazette of India,Extraordinary" (PDF).
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