Senna occidentalis

Coffee senna
Senna occidentalis flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Tribe: Cassieae
Genus: Senna
Species: S. occidentalis
Binomial name
Senna occidentalis
(L.) Link, 1829
Synonyms

Cassia caroliniana, C. ciliata Raf.

  • C. falcata L.
  • C. foetida Pers.
  • C. laevigata sensu auct. non Prain non Willd.
  • C. macradenia, C. obliquifolia, C. occidentalis, C. occidentalis L. var. arista sensu Hassk.
  • C. occidentalis L. var. aristata Collad.
  • C. planisiliqua
  • C. torosa Cav.
  • Ditrimexa occidentalis (L.) Britt.& Rose

Senna occidentalis is a pantropical plant species.[1]

Vernacular names include : ʻauʻaukoʻi in Hawaii, septicweed,[2] coffee senna,[3] coffeeweed, Mogdad coffee, negro-coffee, senna coffee, Stephanie coffee, stinkingweed or styptic weed.

The plant is locally called Bana Chakunda in Odisha, India.

The species was formerly placed in the genus Cassia.

The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle.[4] The plant contains anthraquinones. The roots contain emodin[5] and the seeds contain chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorpholine.[6]

Uses

In Jamaica the seeds are roast, brew and serve as tea to treat Diuretic, hemorrhoids, gout, laxative, rheumatism, diabetes, rheumatis.

Coffee Senna seeds

Mogdad coffee seeds can be roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. They have also been used as an adulterant for coffee. There is apparently no caffeine in mogdad coffee.

Despite the claims of being poisonous, the leaves of this plant, Dhiguthiyara in the Maldivian language,[7] have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries[8] in dishes such as mas huni and also as a medicinal plant.[9]

Possible toxicity in children due to consumption of seeds

Almost all parts (leaf, root, seeds) of the plant are used as food and medicine by tribal populations in India. However, consumption of Bana Chakunda seeds has been identified as a possible cause of death of tribal children due to acute Encephalopathy (see Acute HME syndrome).[10][11] Once the plant was identified as the cause, the number of deaths plummeted.[12]

The same thing happened in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil where 16 outbreaks were recorded.[13] which was a record in comparison to the clinical study of 1979 at which 8 calves died after contracting dyspnea, neutrophilia and tachycardia from consumption of the plant.[14]

Description

C. occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 377. 1753; DC. Prodr. 2 : 497. 1825 ; Baker, in Hook. F. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 262, 1878; Heinig, Enum. 401. 1907 ; Ohashi in Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 144. 1966; Deb. D.B. Fl. Tripura State 1 : 119. 1981; C. planisiliqua L. Sp. Pl. 377. 1753; Senna occidentalis Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 : 343. 1832.

Plant:- Annual undershrub, subglabrous, foetid, few feet high.

Leaves:- Alternate, compound, paripinnate; rachis channelled, presence of a gland at the base of the rachis; stipulate, stipules obliquely cordate, acuminate; leaflets 4–5 pairs, size (3.7 cm X 2 cm- 7 cm X 3.5 cm), obate to oblong- lanceolate; acuminate, margin ciliate, glabrous or pubescence.

Inflorescence:- Axillary corymb and terminal panicle.

Flowers:- Complete, bisexual, slightly irregular, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, pedicelate; bractate, bracts white with pinkish tinge, thin, ovate- acuminate, caducous; yellow.

Calyx:- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, tube short, 5 lobed, obtuse, glabrous, imbricate, odd sepal is anterior.

Corolla:- Petals 5, polypetalous, alternisepalous, sub-equal, with distinct claw, conspicuously veined, ascending imbricate, posterior petal is the innermost.

Androecium:- Stamens 10, free, unequal in size, 7 perfect and 3 reduced to staminode, filaments unequal, anther dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscing by terminal pores.

Gynoecium:- Carpel 1, ovary superiour, unilocular, many ovuled, marginal placentation; style simple; stigma terminate, capitate.

Fruit:- Pod, dehiscent, woody, 12.5 cm X 0.7 cm, glabrous, recurved, subcompressed, distinctly torulose, 23-30 seeded.

References

  1. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  2. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  3. ↑ "Plant species and sites" (PDF). Government of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  4. ↑ Barth, AT; Kommers, GD; Salles, MS; Wouters, F; de Barros, CS. "Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil". Vet Hum Toxicol. 36: 541–5. PMID 7900275.
  5. ↑ Chukwujekwu, J.C.; Coombes, P.H.; Mulholland, D.A.; van Staden, J. (2006). "Emodin, an antibacterial anthraquinone from the roots of Cassia occidentalis". South African Journal of Botany. 72 (2): 295–297. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2005.08.003.
  6. ↑ Kim, Hyeong L.; Camp, Bennie J.; Grigsby, Ronald D. (1971). "Isolation of N-methylmorpholine from the seeds of Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 19 (1): 198–199. doi:10.1021/jf60173a026. PMID 5540753.
  7. ↑ "Thimaaveshi - Catalogue of Plants" (PDF) (II ed.). WordPress. October 2009.
  8. ↑ List of food items in 'Maldives Coding System'
  9. ↑ Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
  10. ↑ "Experts' report on Malkangiri kids death evokes mixed reaction". 19 November 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  11. ↑ Nadiya Chand Kanungo (25 November 2016). "Strange: Now M'giri kids' deaths linked to Chakunda Plant rather rich in medicinal properties". The Daily Pioneer. Bhubaneswar. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  12. ↑ Vashishtha VM; Kumar A; John TJ; Nayak NC. (2007). "Cassia occidentalis poisoning as the probable cause of hepatomyoencephalopathy in children in western Uttar Pradesh" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Research. Semantic Scholar. 125 (6): 756–762. PMID 17704552.
  13. ↑ "Spontaneous coffee senna poisoning in cattle: report on 16 outbreaks". 31 (2). Rio de Janeiro. February 2011. doi:10.1590/S0100-736X2011000200008. ISSN 0100-736X.
  14. ↑ Rogers, R.J.; Giboson, J.; Reichmann, K.G. (September 1979). "The Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis for Cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal. Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb05590.x.
  • "Senna occidentalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
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