Carpathian Rusyn language
Carpathian Rusyn (русиньскый язык (rusîn'skyj jazyk), русиньска бесїда (rusîn'ska bes'ida)) is a dialect of the Rusyn language, spoken by the Rusyns of Carpathian Ruthenia (Eastern Slovakia, Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine, Southern Poland).
There is Rusyn Wikipedia written on Carpathian Rusyn language (Slovakia Prešov Rusyn variaty).
Geographical distribution
Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in:
- the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine
- northeastern Slovakia
- Poland (traditionally in the southeast, but now mainly scattered throughout the north and west[1]. The Rusyn variety of Poland is generally known as Lemko (лемківскій язык – lemkivskij jazyk),[1] after the characteristic word лем (lem) meaning "only", "but" and "like"
- Hungary (where the people and language are called Ruszin in Hungarian)
- northern Maramureș, Romania, where the people are called Ruteni and the language Ruteană in Romanian
Alphabets
The table below shows the alphabet of Slovakia (Prešov) Rusyn. The alphabet of the other Carpathian Rusyn standard, Lemko (Poland) Rusyn, differs from it only by lacking ё and ї.
| Capital | Small | Name | Translit. | Pronunciation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | a | a | /a/ | |
| Б | б | бэ | b | /b/ | |
| В | в | вэ | v | /v/ | |
| Г | г | гэ | h | /ɦ/ | |
| Ґ | ґ | ґэ | g | /ɡ/ | |
| Д | д | дэ | d | /d/ | |
| Е | е | e | e | /e/ | |
| Є | є | є | je/'e | /je/ | |
| Ё | ё | ё | jo/'o | /jo/ | not present in Lemko Rusyn |
| Ж | ж | жы | ž | /ʒ/ | |
| З | з | зы | z | /z/ | |
| І | і | i | i | /i/ | |
| Ї | ї | ї | ji/'i | /ji/ | not present in Lemko Rusyn |
| И | и | и | î | /ɪ/ | |
| Ы | ы | ы | y | /ɨ/ | |
| Й | й | йы | j | /j/ | |
| К | к | кы | k | /k/ | |
| Л | л | лы | l | /l/ | |
| М | м | мы | m | /m/ | |
| Н | н | ны | n | /n/ | |
| О | о | o | o | /o/ | |
| П | п | пы | p | /p/ | |
| Р | р | ры | r | /r/ | |
| С | с | сы | s | /s/ | |
| Т | т | ты | t | /t/ | |
| У | у | у | u | /u/ | |
| Ф | ф | фы | f | /f/ | |
| Х | х | хы | ch | /x/ | |
| Ц | ц | цы | c | /t͡s/ | |
| Ч | ч | чы | č | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| Ш | ш | шы | š | /ʃ/ | |
| Щ | щ | щы | šč | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | |
| Ю | ю | ю | ju/'u | /ju/ | |
| Я | я | я | ja/'a | /ja/ | |
| Ь | ь | мягкый знак (ірь) | ' | /ʲ/ | "Soft Sign": marks the preceding consonant as palatalized (soft) |
| Ъ | ъ | твёрдый знак (ір) | "Hard Sign": marks the preceding consonant as NOT palatalized (hard). Not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet
The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet plus ё, ы, and ъ.
The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of ї, plus ы and ъ.
Alphabetical order
The Rusyn alphabets all place ь after я, like the Ukrainian alphabet did until 1990. The vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place ь before э (if present), ю, and я.
The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place ъ at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after щ. They also place ы before й, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after ш, щ (if present), and ъ (if present).
In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, і and ї come before и, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which doesn't have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї.
See also
- Pannonian Rusyn language, another Rusyn dialect
References
Literature
- Дуличенко А. Д. Малые славянские литературные языки // Языки мира. Славянские языки. — М.: Academia, 2005. — С. 595—615. — ISBN 5-87444-216-2.
- Скорвид С. С. Серболужицкий (серболужицкие) и русинский (русинские) языки: к проблеме их сравнительно-исторической и синхронной общности // Исследование славянских языков в русле традиций сравнительно-исторического и сопоставительного языкознания. Информационные материалы и тезисы докладов международной конференции. — М., 2001. — С. 113—115. (Проверено 30 августа 2017)
- Ябур В., Плїшкова А. Русиньскый язык у зеркалї новых правил про основны і середнї школы з навчанём русиньского языка. — Выданя друге. — Пряшiв: Русин и Народны новинкы, 2005. — 128 с. — ISBN 80-88769-61-2.