Calculus (disambiguation)

Look up calculus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.

Calculus may refer to:

Mathematics

• Calculus, short for "differential calculus" and "integral calculus", which investigate motion and rates of change
• Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
• Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
• Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
• Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
• Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
  • Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space
  • Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
• Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
• The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
• AP Calculus

Logic

• Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises.
  • the propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
  • the predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
  • a proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
  • the sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
• Calculus of relations, manipulation of binary relations with the algebra of sets, composition of relations, and transpose relations
• Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
• Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
• Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking

Physics

• Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
• Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
• Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
• Operational calculus, used to solve differential equations arising in electronics

Computer science

• Domain relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
• Join calculus, a theoretical model for distributed programming
• Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
• Pi-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes that was invented by Robin Milner
• Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs
• Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting and lambda calculus
• Tuple calculus, a calculus for the relational data model, inspired the SQL language

Other meanings

• Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
• Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone
• Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
• Calculus (spider), a genus of the family Oonopidae
• Caseolus calculus, a genus and species of small land snails
• Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin
• Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached
• Felicific calculus, a procedure to evaluate the benefit of an action, according to Bentham