Birds of New Zealand

The kea (Nestor notabilis) is the world's only alpine parrot.

The birds of New Zealand evolved into an avifauna that included a large number of endemic species (that is, species found in no other country). As an island archipelago New Zealand accumulated bird diversity and when Captain James Cook arrived in the 1770s he noted that the bird song was deafening. The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kakapo which is the world's only flightless, nocturnal, lek breeding parrot, but also many species that are similar to neighboring land areas. A process of colonization, speciation and extinction has been at play over many millions of years, including recent times. Some species have arrived in human recorded history while other arrived before but are little changed. [1][2]

History after human settlement

When humans arrived in New Zealand about 700 years ago the environment changed quickly. Several species were hunted to extinction, most notably the Moa (Dinornithidae) and Haast's eagle (Harpagornis moorei). The most damage was caused by habitat destruction and the other animals humans brought with them, particularly rats - the Polynesian rat or kiore introduced by Māori and the brown rat and black rat subsequently introduced by Europeans. Mice, dogs, cats, stoats, weasels, pigs, goats, deer, hedgehogs, and Australian possums also put pressure upon native bird species. The flightless birds were especially sensitive.

Consequently, many bird species became extinct, and others remain critically endangered. Several species are now confined only to offshore islands, or to fenced "ecological islands" from which predators have been eliminated. New Zealand is today a world leader in the techniques required to bring severely endangered species back from the brink of extinction.

Many bird species were introduced during the early years of European settlement to control insects as New Zealand birds species generally preferred a native bush habitat rather than the open fields that the settlers were creating. Other species were introduced for sport and European birds also provide a connection with the settler's homelands as some areas of New Zealand had a starkly different appearance to the countries the settlers came from.[3]

Comparison to global bird fauna

The terrestrial birds, wetland birds and seabirds in New Zealand each make up about a third of the total number of species. This is in sharp contrast to the composition of the global bird species where 90% are terrestrial.[4]

When humans first arrived in New Zealand, there were at least 131 species of land, freshwater and coastal birds, and another 65 species of seabirds (gulls, albatrosses, petrels and penguins), making at least 196 native species in total, according to a 1997 report (this count may have risen since as subspecies have been reclassified as species). Of the 131 species that lived on or near land, 93 (or 71%) were endemic, and of the 65 seabirds, 22 (or 34%) were endemic, making 115 (or 59%) endemic species in total.[5]

Conservation

Due to habitat loss, their historical use as a food source by Māori, and predation by introduced species, many birds have become extinct and numerous more are threatened with extinction. Huge conservation efforts are being made to save the takahe, kakapo, mohua, kokako and the kiwi. One well documented conservation success story, due in a large part to the efforts of Don Merton, is the saving of the black robin on the Chatham Islands.

From human settlement to 1994, 43 (or 46%) of the 93 endemic land, freshwater and coastal species have become extinct, as have 4 of the 22 endemic seabird species (making 41% of all endemic species extinct), according to a 1997 report.[5] Fifteen species extinctions have occurred since 1840[6] (this count will have risen to 16 when the North Island snipe was raised from subspecies to species level). According to the 2005 New Zealand Threat Classification System list, 153 species or subspecies were then threatened with extinction.[6]

List of birds of New Zealand

Some of the more well known and distinctive bird species in New Zealand are the kiwi, tui, bellbird and the now extinct moa species.

See also

General:

References

  1. ↑ Trewick SA, Gibb G. 2010. Assembly of the New Zealand avifauna- a review of molecular evidence. IBIS 152: 226–253.
  2. ↑ Trewick SA. 2011. Vicars and vagrants: Assembly of the New Zealand avifauna. Australasian Science 32: 24-27.
  3. ↑ Introduced land birds, Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand accessed 30 Sep 2016
  4. ↑ Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (2004). Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Christchurch, NZ: Canterbury University Press. ISBN 0-908812-52-3.
  5. 1 2 Taylor, Rowan; et al. (1997). The State of New Zealand's Environment 1997. Wellington, NZ: Ministry for the Environment. p. 115-16 of ch 9. ISBN 0-478-09000-5.
  6. 1 2 Hitchmough, Rodney Arthur; Bull, Leigh; Cromarty, Pam (2007). New Zealand Threat Classification System Lists, 2005. Wellington, NZ: Science & Technical Pub., Department of Conservation. pp. 13, 26. ISBN 0-478-14128-9.

Further reading

  • Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (2015 ed.). New Zealand: Penguin. ISBN 0143570927.
  • Checklist Committee Ornithological Society of New Zealand (2010). Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica (4th ed.). New Zealand: Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-1-877385-59-9. Available online as a PDF
  • Morris, Rod; Smith, Hal (1998). Saving New Zealand's Endangered Birds. ISBN 1-86941-249-4.
  • Tennyson, Alan; Martinson, Paul (2006). Extinct Birds of New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Te Papa Press. ISBN 0-909010-21-8.
  • Ericson P, Christidis L, Cooper, A, Irestedt M, Jackson J, Johansson US, Norman JA. (2002). "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens". Proc Biol Sci. 269 (1488): 235-41.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.