Battle of the Taku Forts (1900)

Battle of Taku Forts
Part of the Boxer Rebellion

Allies charging at the forts
Date16–17 June 1900
LocationTaku Forts, Tianjin, China
Result Allied tactical victory
Commencement of the Siege of the International Legations
Belligerents
 Russia
 United Kingdom
 Japan
 German Empire
 Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy Italy		 Qing dynasty Qing China
Commanders and leaders
Russia Yakov Hildebrandt
United Kingdom Christopher Cradock		 Qing dynasty General Lo Jung-Kuang[1]
Strength
900 men
10 ships[2][3]		 Approximately 2,000 soldiers and sailors
4 destroyers
Casualties and losses
172 killed and wounded Unknown

The Battle of Taku or Dagu Forts was a battle during the Boxer Rebellion between the Chinese military and allied Western and Japanese naval forces. The Allies captured the forts after a brief but bloody battle.

Background

In mid-June 1900, allied forces in northern China were vastly outnumbered. In Beijing there were 450 soldiers and marines from eight countries protecting the diplomatic legations. Somewhere between Tianjin and Beijing were the 2,000 men in the Seymour Expedition which was attempting to get to Beijing to reinforce the legation guards. In Tianjin were 2,400 Allied soldiers, mostly Russians. All of these forces were menaced by thousands of Boxers, members of an indigenous peasant movement that aimed to end foreign influence in China.[4] The Qing government of China was wavering between supporting the Boxers in their anti-foreign crusade or suppressing them because they represented a threat to the dynasty.[5]

A few miles offshore in the Yellow Sea were a large number of Western and Japanese warships. On June 15, Chinese forces deployed electric mines in the Peiho River before the battle to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack.[6] With their supply and communication lines to Tianjin threatened, the commanders of the ships met on June 16. Control of the Taku forts at the mouth of the Hai River was the key to maintaining a foothold in northern China. Vice-Admiral Hildebrandt, from the Imperial Russian Navy, through Lieutenant Bakhmetev, sent a message to the commander of the forts, who then sent a message by telegraph to the Governor of Zhili Province, stating that they proposed to "occupy provisionally, by consent or by force" the Taku Forts and demanded that Chinese forces surrender the forts before 2 am on June 17. Of the Allied countries represented, only the United States Navy’s Rear Admiral Louis Kempff demurred, stating that he had no authority to undertake hostilities against China.[7] Kempff said that an attack was an "act of war", and therefore refused to participate.[8] However, Kempff agreed that an ageing American gunboat, the Monocacy, could be stationed near the forts as a place of refuge for civilians in the vicinity.[9]

It was an audacious demand by the foreign sailors. Only ten ships, including the non-combatant Monocacy, could cross over the banks at the river’s mouth to enter the Hai River – two hundred yards wide—from where the four forts could be occupied or assaulted. Only 900 men could be assembled to undertake the operation. By contrast the Chinese soldiers and sailors in the forts and on several modern gunboats docked along the river consisted of about 2,000 men. The Chinese also began laying mines near the mouth of the river and installing torpedo tubes in the forts.[10] In the evening of June 16, the foreign warships began entering the river and taking up their stations from which the Taku Forts could be occupied or assaulted.[11]

The battle

The Chinese did not wait for the expiration of the deadline but opened fire from the forts with every single gun at the Allied ships simultaneously at about 00:45 on June 17.[12] The Russian gunboat Korietz was heavily damaged in the opening salvo. The Monocacy, despite its distance from the battle and the assurances of its officers to the 37 women and children aboard that they were “in a position of absolute safety” took a Chinese shell in its bow which hurt nobody. The captain quickly moved the Monocacy to a safer position. Chinese gunnery from the forts aimed at the ships was accurate, also hitting HMS Whiting, SMS Iltis, and Lion and driving Giliak aground.[13] The Russians turned on the searchlight of Giliak, exposing them to Chinese guns. Giliak and another ship were severely damaged. 18 Russians were killed and 65 were wounded.[14]

The attack on Taku by the Allies influenced Empress Dowager Cixi's decision to support the Boxers.

The most serious offensive threat to the Allied attack were four modern German-built destroyers laying alongside the dock at Taku. These warships could have easily overpowered the Allied ships, but inexplicably they remained docked even after the Chinese opened fire. Two British destroyers, HMS Whiting and HMS Fame (the former commanded by Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie and the latter by Roger Keyes), each towing a whaleboat with 10 men aboard, darted alongside the Chinese ships and boarded them.[15] The Chinese only offered weak resistance before fleeing and leaving their ships in the hands of the British.[16]

The artillery duel continued inconclusively until nearly dawn when the Allies stripped their ships of crew and mounted a ground assault on the Northwest Fort. 200 Russians and Austrians led the way followed by 380 British and Italians with 300 Japanese bringing up the rear. In a bit of luck for the allies, the powder magazine exploded just as the ground assault began and in the confusion afterwards the Japanese had the honor of storming the fort.[17] The British and Italians then led the way on the assault of the North Fort which was soon captured.[18]

Two forts remained on the south side of the river. The Allies turned all their guns, and the guns in the two Chinese forts they had captured, on these two forts. They blew up another powder magazine in one, and shortly afterwards the Chinese soldiers abandoned the forts. The Allied ground force then crossed the river and captured the forts with almost no opposition. The battle of the Taku Forts was over at 6:30 a.m. The Allies had suffered 172 casualties among the 900 soldiers and sailors engaged.[19] The number of Chinese casualties is unknown but the forts were described as flowing in "rivers of blood".[20] However, Robert B. Edgerton says that Chinese casualties were "probably not heavy".[21]

Impact

The attack by the allied navies on the Taku Forts had a profound impact. The first reports of the battle arriving in Beijing from Governor Lu Yu in Tianjin emphasized the positive – and failed to mention to the Dowager Empress Cixi that the allies had captured the forts.[22]

The battle pushed the Qing government definitively to the side of the Boxers and the Chinese army was instructed to resist foreign military forces on Chinese soil. The next day, June 18, Admiral Seymour and his two thousand men were attacked by the Chinese army along the railroad running from Tianjin and Beijing and Seymour decided to abandon his objective of reaching Beijing and instead retreated to Tianjin. On June 19, an ultimatum was delivered to the diplomats in the Legation Quarter in Beijing informing them that they had 24 hours to depart the capital. When the foreigners refused to leave, fearing for their safety, the Siege of the Legations began on June 20. The Taku forts remained in foreign hands for the remainder of the Boxer Rebellion.[23]

Allied officers praised the courage and skill the Chinese had demonstrated in defending the Taku Forts.[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ Victor Purcell (3 June 2010). The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study. Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-0-521-14812-2.
  2. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 73. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  3. ↑ Scharf and Harrington, p. 95; Fleming,p. 80-81
  4. ↑ Thompson, Larry Clinton. William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009, p.68
  5. ↑ Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. New York: Columbia U Press, 1955, p. 72
  6. ↑ United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901). Publication, Issue 33 Document (United States. War Dept.). G.P.O. p. 533. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  7. ↑ Fleming, Peter. The Siege of Peking. New York: Dorset Press, 1959, pp. 79-81
  8. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 73. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  9. ↑ Sharf, Frederic A. and Harrington, Peter. China 1900: The Eyewitnesses Speak. London: Greenhill Books, 2000, p.91
  10. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 73. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  11. ↑ Scharf and Harrington, p. 95; Fleming,p. 80-81
  12. ↑ United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901). Publication, Issue 33 Document (United States. War Dept.). G.P.O. p. 533. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  13. ↑ Landor, A. Henry Savage. China and the Allies. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1901, pp 118-119, 131
  14. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 74. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  16. ↑ Landor, 119; Thompson, 71
  17. ↑ Sharf, 95-96
  18. ↑ Landor, 126
  19. ↑ Fleming, p. 83
  20. ↑ Sharf and Harrington, 92
  21. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 74. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  22. ↑ Fleming, 83-84
  23. ↑ Thompson, p. 73-74
  24. ↑ Landor, p. 130

References

  • Harrington, Peter (2001). Peking 1900: The Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-181-8.
  • Leonhard, Robert R. "The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900" (PDF). The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  • Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009), William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary, Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4008-5
  • Xiang, Lanxin (2003). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.
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