Apple Partition Map
Apple Partition Map (APM) is a partition scheme used to define the low-level organization of data on disks formatted for use with 68k and PowerPC Macintosh computers. It was introduced with the Macintosh II.[1]
Disks using the Apple Partition Map are divided into logical blocks, with 512 bytes usually belonging to each block. The first block, Block 0, contains an Apple-specific data structure called “Driver Descriptor Map” for the Macintosh Toolbox ROM to load driver updates and patches before loading from a MFS or HFS partition.[2] Because APM allows 32 bits worth of logical blocks, the historical size of an APM formatted disk using small blocks[3] is limited to 2 TiB.[4]
The Apple Partition Map maps out all space used (including the map) and unused (free space) on disk, unlike the minimal x86 master boot record that only accounts for used non-map partitions. This means that every block on the disk (with the exception of the first block, Block 0) belongs to a partition.
Some hybrid disks contain both an ISO 9660 primary volume descriptor and an Apple Partition Map, thus allowing the disc to work on different types of computers, including Apple systems.
Intel-based Macs
For accessing volumes, both APM and GUID partitions can be used in a standard manner with Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) and higher. For starting an operating system, PowerPC-based systems can only boot from APM disks[5] whereas Intel-based systems generally boot from GUID disks.[1][6][7] Nevertheless, Intel-based Macs are able to boot from APM, GPT (GUID Partition Table) and MBR (Master Boot Record, using the BIOS-Emulation called EFI-CSM i.e. the Compatibility Support Module provided by EFI).
Intel-based models that came with Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) or Leopard (10.5) preinstalled had to be able to boot from both APM and GUID disks due to the installation media for these universal versions of Mac OS X, which are APM partitioned in order to remain compatible with PowerPC-based systems.[8] However, the installation of OS X on an Intel-based Mac demands a GUID partitioned disk or will refuse to continue, the same way installation on a PowerPC-based system will demand an APM partitioned destination volume. Cloning an already installed OS X to an APM partition on Intel systems will remain bootable even on 2011 Intel-based Macs. Despite this apparent APM support, Apple never officially supported booting from an internal APM disk on an Intel-based system. The one exception for a universal version of Mac OS X (Tiger or Leopard) is an official Apple document describing how to set up a dual bootable external APM disk for use with PowerPC and Intel.[9]
Layout
Each entry of the partition table is the size of one data block, which is normally 512 bytes.[1][10] Each partition entry on the table is the size of one block or sector of data. Because the partition table itself is also a partition, the size of this first partition limits the number of entries to the partition table itself.
The normal case is that 64 sectors (64 × 512 = 32 KB) are used by the Apple Partition Map: one block for the Driver Descriptor Map as Block 0, one block for the partition table itself and 62 blocks for a maximum of 62 data partitions.[11]
Each partition entry includes the starting sector and the size, but also a name, a type, a position of the data area and possible boot code. It also includes the total number of partitions in that partition table.[12] This ensures that, after reading the first partition table entry, the firmware is aware of how many blocks more to read from the media in order to have processed every partition table entry. All entries are in big-endian byte-order.
| Address | Size in bytes | Contents | Required? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decimal | Hex | |||
| 0 | 0x0000 | 1 | signature1 (ASCII value "P") | No |
| 1 | 0x0001 | 1 | signature2 (ASCII value "M") | No |
| 2–3 | 0x0002 | 2 | reserved | No |
| 4–7 | 0x0004 | 4 | number of partitions (total) | Yes |
| 8–11 | 0x0008 | 4 | starting sector of partition | Yes |
| 12–15 | 0x000C | 4 | size of partition (in sectors) | Yes |
| 16–47 | 0x0010 | 32 | name of partition (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded) | No |
| 48–79 | 0x0030 | 32 | type of partition (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded) | No |
| 80–83 | 0x0050 | 4 | starting sector of data area in partition | No |
| 84–87 | 0x0054 | 4 | size of data area in partition (in sectors) | No |
| 88–91 | 0x0058 | 4 | status of partition | No |
| 92–95 | 0x005C | 4 | starting sector of boot code | No |
| 96–99 | 0x0060 | 4 | size of boot code (in bytes) | No |
| 100–103 | 0x0064 | 4 | address of bootloader code | No |
| 104–107 | 0x0068 | 4 | reserved | No |
| 108–111 | 0x006C | 4 | boot code entry point | No |
| 112–115 | 0x0070 | 4 | reserved | No |
| 116–119 | 0x0074 | 4 | boot code checksum | No |
| 120–135 | 0x0078 | 16 | processor type (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded) | No |
| 136–511 | 0x0088 | 376 | reserved | No |
Partition identifiers
Types beginning with "Apple_" are reserved for assignment by Apple, all other custom defined types are free to use. However registration with Apple is encouraged.
| Identifier / type | Contents / file system | Name (typical) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apple_Boot | bootloader | MOSX_OF3_Booter, eXternal booter | This boot partition is used by Mac OS X on New World Macs (Open Firmware 3.0 and greater) when the file system on the main partition is not supported by Open Firmware, like in a software RAID configuration or when using a HFS+ case-sensitive or a UFS file system. It contains BootX on an HFS filesystem. |
| Apple_Boot_RAID | bootloader | Raid Partition | |
| Apple_Bootstrap | NewWorld bootblock | Although it is a general Open Firmware (New World) boot partition, it is specifically used by yaboot. It must be HFS formatted, so that it can be accessed by Open Firmware. | |
| Apple_Driver | device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver43 | SCSI Manager 4.3 device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver43_CD | SCSI CD-ROM device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver_ATA | ATA device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver_ATAPI | ATAPI device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver_IOKit | I/O Kit driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_Driver_OpenFirmware | Macintosh | ||
| Apple_Extra | unused | This identifier masks an unused partition map entry. | |
| Apple_Free | free space | Extra | This identifier masks free space as a partition map entry. |
| Apple_FWDriver | FireWire device driver | Macintosh | Mac OS classic drivers partition |
| Apple_HFS | Hierarchical File System | Apple_HFS | While normally a HFS or HFS+ volume for Mac OS and Mac OS X, it can also contain an MS-DOS formatted file system (File Allocation Table, which can be accessed by Mac OS and Mac OS X). |
| Apple_HFSX | HFS Plus | This partition contains a HFS+ volume without a HFS wrapper. HFSX was introduced with Mac OS X 10.3 and is only used in special cases, like case sensitive HFS+. HFSX is the standard partition type on Intel-based Macs (which use GUID instead of APM). | |
| Apple_Loader | – | SecondaryLoader | Like Apple_Boot but on Old World Macs, it is used when Mac OS X is installed on a file system not readable by Open Firmware. This partition does not contain a filesystem—instead it contains the BootX machine code in XCOFF format. This partition type was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.3. |
| Apple_MDFW | firmware | firmware | This partition is used by iPod to load the firmware/OS. |
| Apple_MFS | Macintosh File System | This partition is used by Mac OS for the Macintosh File System (MFS), which was introduced with the Macintosh 128K in 1984. | |
| Apple_Partition_Map | partition map | Apple | The partition map is also a partition of its own. It can vary in size depending on how many partitions it may contain. |
| Apple_Patches | patches | Patch Partition | Mac OS classic patch partition |
| Apple_PRODOS | ProDOS | ProDOS file system | |
| Apple_RAID | RAID | Apple_RAID_OfflineV2 | This identifier marks a Mac OS X partition used in a software RAID configuration. It normally contains the same filesystems a regular Mac OS X installation would have, like HFS/HFS+ or UFS. The separate boot partition Apple_Boot is mandatory. |
| Apple_Rhapsody_UFS | Unix File System | Mac OS X Server | This partition contains a Unix File System (UFS) used by the Apple Rhapsody operating system (a development name marking the transition from OPENSTEP to Mac OS X) and is also used by Mac OS X Server 1.0 through 1.2 v3. |
| Apple_Scratch | empty | This identifier marks an empty partition. | |
| Apple_Second | Second stage bootloader | ||
| Apple_UFS | Unix File System | Mac OS X | This partition contains a Unix File System (UFS) and is used by Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server (Version 10.0 and newer) and various Unix-like operating systems. |
| Apple_UNIX_SVR2 | A/UX, Unix | Originally introduced for A/UX (Apple Unix operating system based on System V Release 2, hence SVR2) on the 68k, it was later reused for MkLinux which used the Extended file system. It is the standard partition identifier for many Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and NetBSD. It may contain any file system suitable for the installed operating system. If bootable, a file system that can be read by the Open Firmware bootloader from Apple_Bootstrap (e.g. yaboot) must be used. | |
| Apple_Void | ISO9660 padding | A dummy partition map entry to ensure correct partition alignment on bootable media. | |
| Be_BFS | Be File System | This partition contains a Be File System (BFS) and is normally used by BeOS. |
Partition status
| Value | Description | System |
|---|---|---|
| 0x00000001 | entry is valid | A/UX |
| 0x00000002 | entry is allocated | A/UX |
| 0x00000004 | entry in use | A/UX |
| 0x00000008 | entry contains boot information | A/UX |
| 0x00000010 | partition is readable | A/UX |
| 0x00000020 | partition is writable | A/UX, Macintosh |
| 0x00000040 | boot code is position independent | A/UX |
| 0x00000100 | partition contains chain-compatible driver | Macintosh |
| 0x00000200 | partition contains a real driver | Macintosh |
| 0x00000400 | partition contains a chain driver | Macintosh |
| 0x40000000 | automatically mount at startup | Macintosh |
| 0x80000000 | the startup partition | Macintosh |
See also
- Amiga rigid disk block (RDB)
- BSD disklabel
- Extended boot record (EBR)
- GUID Partition Table (GPT)
- Host protected area (BEER)
- Master boot record (MBR)
References
- 1 2 3 "Technical Note TN2166 – Secrets of the GPT". Apple. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
…a standard block size of 512 bytes… […] Apple did consider extending APM to support larger disks. However, as such a change would break all existing partitioning tools…
- ↑ Mac OS: Technical overview of disk volume structures
- ↑ Apple Support Communities: Guid Partition or Apple Partition? (2012)
- ↑ MacTech Magazine: Apple's Transition from Apple Partition Map to the GUID Partition Table by Criss Myers
- ↑ Apple Mailing List: Subject: Re: Apple Partition Scheme or GUID Partition Scheme, Timothy Standing, 2006-04-30
- ↑ Apple Support Communities: Create a bootable clone using Disk Utility (2014): an example of problems trying to boot on an Intel Mac using an APM partitioned drive.
- ↑ Apple Support Communities: Running Mavericks + FCPX on External Boot Drive? (2014): OS X Mavericks does not boot from APM partitioned drives.
- ↑ OWC: Booting your Intel Mac to an APM-formatted drive, M. Christopher Stevens
- ↑ Mac OS X 10.5: Creating and maintaining a bootable "universal" external disk
- ↑ Rebe, René; Klaus, Susanne (2007). "Creating custom Linux solutions – Apple Partition Map". T2 System Development Environment.
While the original intent was to handle various block sizes, in practice only 512 byte blocks are supported.
- ↑ "Yellow Dog Solutions – Attaching Firewire Disks to a Linux Box". Fixstars Corporation. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
Comment: The command pdisk -l /dev/sda shows a size of 63 blocks for the Apple_partition_map. There is a multitude of examples like this to be found on the internet.
- ↑ "IOApplePartitionScheme.h". Apple. 2009. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
External links
- Mac OS: Technical overview of disk volume structures Overview of the elements of a disk volume / partition
- File System Forensic Analysis: PC-based Partitions – Apple partitions Detailed technical analysis of the structure of Apple's partition map.