Apollonia, Cyrenaica

Apollonia
Shown within Libya
Location Libya
Region Jabal al Akhdar
Coordinates 32°54′00″N 21°58′00″E / 32.9°N 21.966667°E / 32.9; 21.966667
Map of Apollonia
Map of underwater ruins at Apollonia made by divers in 1958–1959
Late apsidal building at Apollonia superimposed on earlier structures (grid square C4) drawn by divers in 1958–1959
Theatre in Apollonia
Palace in Apollonia with the Eastern Basilica in the background

Apollonia (Greek: Ἀπολλωνία) in Cyrenaica (modern Libya) was founded by Greek colonists and became a significant commercial centre in the southern Mediterranean. It served as the harbour of Cyrene, 20 km (12 mi) to the southwest.

Apollonia became autonomous from Cyrene at latest by the time the area came within the power of Rome, when it was one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis, growing in power until, in the 6th century A.D., it became the capital of the Roman province of Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolitana. The city became known as Sozusa, which explains the modern name of Marsa Susa[1] or Susa, which grew up long after the cessation of urban life in the ancient city after the Arab invasion of AD 643.[2]

Sozusa was an episcopal see and is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[3]

Ruins

The early foundation levels of the city of Apollonia are below sea level due to submergence in earthquakes, while the upper strata of the later Byzantine Christian periods are several meters above sea level, built on the accumulated deposits of previous periods. The existence of buildings in the sea was noted by Beechey (1827), with some rough drawings, and Goodchild (1950s) and André Laronde also published archaeological surveys of the site.[4] In 1958 and 1959 Nicholas Flemming, then an undergraduate at Cambridge University, led teams of undergraduates trained in scuba diving and underwater surveying to map the large sector of the city beneath the sea. The results of this work were published, complete with maps and diagrams of underwater buildings in the references cited below. Carlo Beltrame and colleagues have recently made an underwater photographic survey of some of the buildings.

The Crete earthquake and tsunami of 21 July 365 AD apparently caused extensive damage to the city and harbor.

The Apollonia (Susa) Museum houses many artifacts found on the ancient site.

Churches

Apollonia is particularly known for its ruins of three churches (out of five originally standing) dating from the Byzantine period.

Palace

The Palace was last used as the Byzantine Duke's Palace and contains over 100 rooms. The previous use was as a Roman military commander's house.

Theatre

The well-preserved Greek theatre stands facing the sea outside the old city walls. The cavea has 28 seat levels.

The ancient theatre of Apollonia.

Christian bishopric

Apollonia was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric of the Roman province of Libya Pentapolitana (Cirenaica). Before the advent of the emperor Diocletian, the city called Apollonia: with Diocletian became the capital of Libya Superior.[5][6] [7] Today Sozusa of Libya survives as a bishopric holder; The seat is vacant from 11 December 1989. Known bihops include

Apollonia is featured as the chief port city for Cyrene in the 2017 video game Assassin's Creed Origins.

Apollonia is the main site of the graphic novel ALIX - LE DIEU SAUVAGE by Jacques Martin, published originally in 1969 in Tintin magazine in Belgium.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wikisource Hogarth, David George (1911). "Cyrene". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 704–705.
  2. ↑ D. White, "Apollonia (Marsa Susa) Libya" in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (Princeton University Press, 1976)
  3. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 975
  4. ↑ (in French) André Laronde, « Apollonia de Cyrénaïque : Archéologie et Histoire »], Journal des savants, no 1, 1996, p. 3-49
  5. ↑ Apollonia at www.gcatholic.org
  6. ↑ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (Leipzig, 1931), p. 462.
  7. ↑ Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, (Paris, 1740), vol.II, coll. 617–618.
  • LookLex
  • Beechey, F.W. 1827. Proceedings of an Expedition to Explore the North African coast. John Murray, London.
  • Flemming, N.C. 1959. "Underwater adventure in Apollonia". Geographical Magazine, v. 31, pp. 497–508.
  • Flemming, N.C. 1971. Cities in the Sea. Doubleday, New York, 222 pp; New English Library, London, 222pp.
  • Flemming, N.C. and Webb, C.O, 1986. "Tectonic and eustatic coastal changes during the last 10,000 years derived from archaeological data". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. December, Suppl – Bd62, p. 1 29.

Coordinates: 32°54′N 21°58′E / 32.900°N 21.967°E / 32.900; 21.967

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