Adygea

Republic of Adygea
Республика Адыгея (Russian)
Адыгэ Республик (Adyghe)
—  Republic  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of the Republic of Adygea
[1]
Coordinates: 44°39′N 40°00′E / 44.650°N 40.000°E / 44.650; 40.000Coordinates: 44°39′N 40°00′E / 44.650°N 40.000°E / 44.650; 40.000
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Southern[2]
Economic region North Caucasus[3]
Established July 3, 1991[4]
Republic day October 5[5]
Capital Maykop
Government (as of January 2017)
 • Head[6] Murat Kumpilov
 • Legislature State Council (Khase)[6]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7]
 • Total 7,600 km2 (2,900 sq mi)
Area rank 80th
Population (2010 Census)[8]
 • Total 439,996
 • Rank 74th
 • Density[9] 57.89/km2 (149.9/sq mi)
 • Urban 50.9%
 • Rural 49.1%
Population (January 2013 est.)
 • Total 444,403[10]
Time zone(s) MSK (UTC+03:00)[11]
ISO 3166-2 RU-AD
License plates 01
Official languages Russian;[12] Adyghe[13]
Official website

The Republic of Adygea (/ɑːdɪˈɡeɪ.ə/;[14] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, tr. Respublika Adygeya, IPA: [ɐdɨˈɡʲejə]; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик, Adygæ Respublik), also known as the Adyghe Republic, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), with its territory enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its area is 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi) with a population of 439,996 (2010 Census).[8] Maykop is its capital city.

Geography

Adygea lies in Russia's Southern Federal District of Eastern Europe, in the foothills of the Northwestern Caucasus in the Caucasus Mountains System, with plains in the northern areas and mountains in the southern area. Forests (mainly of European beech, oak, and maple) cover almost 40% of its territory.

  • Area — 7,600 km2 (2,900 sq mi).
  • Borders — the Republic of Adygea is entirely surrounded by Krasnodar Krai.
  • Highest point — Chugush Mountain: 3,238 m (10,623 ft).

Rivers

The 870-kilometer (540 mi) long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between the Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai.
Other rivers include:

Lakes

Lago-Naki area in Adygea

The republic has no large lakes. However, the several large reservoirs include:

Mountains

The republic's major mountains and peaks range in height from 2,000–3,238 metres (6,562–10,623 ft), and include:

Natural resources

The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.

Climate

  • Average January temperature: −0.5 °C (31.1 °F)
  • Average July temperature: +23 °C (73 °F)
  • Average annual precipitation: 70 centimeters (28 in)

February 15, 2010, recorded the absolute maximum for the winter months—in the capital, the city of Maykop, the temperature was 23.4 °C (74.1 °F).

History

Map of Adygea

The Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people.[16] At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.[17]

It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of the new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.

On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.[4] The first President of the republic was Aslan Dzharimov, elected on 5 January 1992.[18]

From 2002 to 2007, Hazret Sovmen was President. He and most of the rest of the political elite in Adygea, are Adygeans. As a reaction to that, an organization calling itself the Union of Slavs was established, claiming that ethnic Russians are discriminated against in Adygea. They advocate the merger of Adygea with Krasnodar Krai, but have so far have had little support for that proposition from the Russian government.

Relations between the Adyghe and ethnic Russians in Adygea are currently good. Russians make up two-thirds of the population within Adygea.[19] The current Head of Adygea is Murat Kumpilov.

Divisions

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Adygea

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), two cities/towns, and (at a lower administrative level) five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.

NameLocal NameArea in
km2		Population
Census[20] 2010		Population
Estimate[20]
1 Jan 2013
Takhtamukaysky DistrictТахтамукайский м.р.440.069,66272,239
Teuchezhsky DistrictТеучежский м.р.700.020,64320,887
Adygeysk TownГородской округ
Адыгейск		14,65914,901
Krasnogvardeysky DistrictКрасногвардейский м.р.725.530,86831,005
Shovgenovsky DistrictШовгеновский м.р.521.416,99716,859
Koshekhablsky DistrictКошехабльский м.р.606.730,42230,317
Giaginsky DistrictГиагинский м.р.790.031,76631,390
Maykop CityГородской округ
Майкоп		58.6166,540167,559
Maykopsky DistrictМайкопский м.р.3,667.458,43959,246
Adygea Republic Республика Адыгея7,600.0439,996444,403
  • Note "м.р." above is an abbreviation for "муниципальный район" (Municipal District)

Demographics

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

[23]

Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 386 5,681 3,307 2,374 14.7 8.6 6.2
1975 396 5,900 3,907 1,993 14.9 9.9 5.0
1980 409 6,610 4,828 1,782 16.2 11.8 4.4
1985 423 6,966 5,283 1,683 16.5 12.5 4.0
1990 436 6,171 5,375 796 14.2 12.3 1.8 2,06
1991 439 5,912 5,905 7 13.5 13.5 0.0 1,96
1992 444 5,306 5,969 - 663 12.0 13.5 -1.5 1,73
1993 447 4,774 6,662 -1 888 10.7 14.9 -4.2 1,54
1994 449 4,907 6,519 -1 612 10.9 14.5 -3.6 1,59
1995 450 4,798 6,475 -1 677 10.7 14.4 -3.7 1,55
1996 450 4,625 6,382 -1 757 10.3 14.2 -3.9 1,49
1997 450 4,430 6,302 -1 872 9.8 14.0 -4.2 1,42
1998 451 4,340 6,245 -1 905 9.6 13.9 -4.2 1,38
1999 450 3,879 6,215 -2 336 8.6 13.8 -5.2 1,22
2000 448 4,071 6,710 -2 639 9.1 15.0 -5.9 1,27
2001 447 4,212 6,566 -2 354 9.4 14.7 -5.3 1,31
2002 447 4,540 6,715 -2 175 10.2 15.0 -4.9 1,39
2003 446 4,634 6,929 -2 295 10.4 15.6 -5.2 1,40
2004 444 4,648 6,645 -1 997 10.5 15.0 -4.5 1,37
2005 443 4,550 6,726 -2 176 10.3 15.2 -4.9 1,32
2006 441 4,606 6,686 -2 080 10.4 15.2 -4.7 1,33
2007 440 5,210 6,454 -1 244 11.8 14.7 -2.8 1,50
2008 440 5,601 6,558 - 957 12.7 14.9 -2.2 1,60
2009 439 5,513 6,219 - 706 12.5 14.2 -1.6 1,66
2010 439 5,721 6,065 - 476 13.0 14.1 -1.1 1,70
2011 441 5,511 6,197 - 554 12.5 13.8 -1.3 1,66
2012 444 5,700 5,924 - 224 12.9 13.4 -0.5 1,71
2013 445 5,568 5,814 - 246 12.5 13.1 -0.6 1,68
2014 448 5,699 5,938 - 239 12.7 13.3 -0.6 1,73
2015 450 5,613 5,841 - 228 12.5 13.0 -0.5 1,72
2016 453 5,451 5,818 - 367 12.1 12.9 -0.8 1,69(e)
2017 453 4,758 5,734 - 976 10.5 12.7 -2.2

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census,[8] ethnic Russians make up 63.6% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic Adyghe are 25.8%. Other groups include Armenians (3.7%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Kurds (1.1%) and Tatars (0.6%).

Ethnic
group		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Adyghs (including Circassians) 50,821 44.8% 55,048 22.8% 65,908 23.2% 81,478 21.1% 86,388 21.4% 95,439 22.1% 108,115 24.2% 109,699 25.8%
Russians 29,102 25.6% 171,960 71.1% 200,492 70.4% 276,537 71.7% 285,626 70.6% 293,640 68.0% 288,280 64.5% 270,714 63.6%
Armenians 738 0.7% 2,348 1.0% 3,013 1.1% 5,217 1.4% 6,359 1.6% 10,460 2.4% 15,268 3.4% 15,561 3.7%
Ukrainians 26,405 23.3% 6,130 2.5% 7,988 2.8% 11,214 2.9% 12,078 3.0% 13,755 3.2% 9,091 2.0% 5,856 1.4%
Others 6,415 5.7% 6,313 2.6% 7,289 2.6% 11,198 2.9% 13,939 3.4% 18,752 4.3% 26,355 5.9% 14,093 3.3%
1 14,610 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24]

Religions

Religion in Adygea as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[25][26]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 35.4%
Other Orthodox
 
 1.4%
Other Christians
 
 3.8%
Islam
 
 12.6%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 29.8%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 9.2%
Other and undeclared
 
 7.8%

According to a 2012 survey,[25] 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 12.6% to Islam, 3% are unaffiliated Christians and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or are members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 30% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% is atheist, and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.[25]

Politics

Former Head of the Republic of Adygea, Aslan Tkhakushinov, in 2010

The chief executive of the government of the Republic of Adygea is the Head (called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for the candidate.[27]

The current Head, Murat Kumpilov (since January 27, 2017), succeeded Aslan Tkhakushinov, initially as acting Head of the region. There is also a directly elected State Council (Khase or Xase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.

The Republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.

The Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.

Economy

Even though it is one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.

Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

Transportation

There is a small airport in Maykop (ICAO airport code URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.

Culture

The Adyghe language (Адыгабзэ) is a member of the isolate Northwest Caucasian language family. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.

There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

Education

Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

Notable people

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Law #90
  2. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. 1 2 Official website of the Republic of Adygea. Основные сведения Archived July 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
  5. ↑ Law #168-1
  6. 1 2 Constitution, Article 7.4.
  7. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  9. ↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  10. ↑ Republic of Adygea Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. "Численность постоянного населения по МО и населенным пунктам Республики Адыгея по состоянию на 1 января 2013 года с учетом МТП" (PDF).  (166 KB) (in Russian)
  11. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  12. ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  13. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article 5
  14. ↑ "Adygeya at merriam-webster.com". m-w.com. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  15. ↑ Baryshnikova, Gennady; John F. Hoffeckerb; Robin L. Burgess (May 1996). "Palaeontology and Zooarchaeology of Mezmaiskaya Cave (Northwestern Caucasus, Russia)". Abstract. Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 23, Issue 3, 1996: 313–335. doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0030. Over 6000 large mammal and numerous small vertebrate remains have been recovered from preliminary excavations at Mezmaiskaya Cave
  16. ↑ Azarenkova et al., p. 154
  17. ↑ под ред. М. Макфола и Н. Петрова (1998). ""Политический альманах России 1997. Том 2. Социально-политические портреты регионов" (Political Almanac of Russia 1997. Vol. 2. Social and Political Portraits of the Regions), online edition" (PDF) (in Russian). Московский Центр Карнеги. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
  18. ↑ Richmond, Walter (2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 978-1134002498.
  19. ↑ ВПН-2010 (in Russian). Gks.ru. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  20. 1 2 State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.
  21. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  22. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  23. ↑ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики (in Russian). Gks.ru. 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  24. ↑ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  25. 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  26. ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  27. ↑ Казенин, Константин (2009). "Тихие" конфликты на Северном Кавказе (in Russian). Moscow: Regnum. p. 17. ISBN 978-5-91150-030-6.

Sources

  • Государственный Совет – Хасэ Республики Адыгея. Закон №90 от 7 июня 2007 г. «О государственных символах Республики Адыгея (текст в ред. от 7 июня 2007 г.)», в ред. Закона №91 от 28 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Законы Республики Адыгея». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Советская Адыгея", №112–113, 14 июня 2007 г. (State Council of the Republic of Adygea. Law #90 of June 7, 2007 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Adygea (text of rev. of June 7, 2007), as amended by the Law #91 of April 28, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Republic of Adygea. Effective as of the day of official publication.).
  • Закон №168-1 от 14 февраля 1995 г. «О праздичных днях и памятных датах», в ред. Закона №231 от 1 августа 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 3 Закона Республики Адыгея "О праздичных днях и памятных датах"». Вступил в силу 14 февраля 1995 г. Опубликован: "Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) - Парламента РА", №15, 14 февраля 1995 г.. (Law #168-1 of February 14, 1995 On Holidays and Memorial Dates, as amended by the Law #231 of August 1, 2013 On Amending Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Adygea "On Holidays and Memorial Dates". Effective as of February 14, 1995.).
  • Государственный Совет — Хасэ Республики Адыгея. 10 марта 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Адыгея (текст в ред. от 3 мая 2007 г.)», в ред. Конституционного закона №459 от 30 октября 2015 г. «О поправках к Конституции Республики Адыгея». Опубликован: "Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) — Парламента РА", №16, 6–10 марта 1995 г. (State Council of the Republic of Adygea. March 10, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Adygea (text of rev. of May 3, 2007), as amended by the Constitutional Law #459 of October 30, 2015 On the Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea. ).
  • Президент Республики Адыгея. Распоряжение №46-рп от 2 апреля 2007 г. «Об организации официального Интернет-сайта исполнительных органов государственной власти Республики Адыгея». (President of the Republic of Adygea. Directive #46-rp of April 2, 2007 On Creation of the Official Website of the Executive Organs of State Power of the Republic of Adygea. ).
  • Азаренкова, А. С.; Бондарь, И. Ю.; Вертышева, Н. С. (1986) [1986]. Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство. p. 394.

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