2016–17 Formula E season

2016–17 Formula E season
Drivers' Champion: Lucas di Grassi
Teams' Champion: Renault e.dams
Previous: 2015–16 Next: 2017–18
Lucas di Grassi, won the Drivers' Championship.
Sébastien Buemi finished second in the drivers standings, 24 points behind Lucas di Grassi.
Felix Rosenqvist finished the championship in third place in his first season in Formula E.

The 2016–17 Formula E season was the third season of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Formula E motor racing. It featured the 2016–17 FIA Formula E Championship, a motor racing championship for open-wheel electric racing cars, recognised by FIA, the sport's governing body, as the highest class of competition for electrically powered vehicles. Twenty-five drivers representing ten teams contested twelve ePrix, starting in Hong Kong on 8 October 2016 and ending in Montreal on 30 July 2017 as they competed for the Drivers' and Teams' Championships.

Sébastien Buemi was the defending Drivers' Champion after securing his first title at the 2016 London ePrix. His team, Renault e.Dams, began the season as the defending Teams' Champion, having clinched its second consecutive accolade at the same event.

The calendar featured seven significant changes from the 2015–16 season. The first two were the introduction of the Hong Kong and Marrakesh races, with the latter taking the championship to its first African venue. The third was the return of the Monaco ePrix, held for the first time since the 2014–15 season after a two-year absence. The fourth was the Berlin ePrix returning to Tempelhof Airport after the event was held along the Karl-Marx-Allee the previous year. The fifth was the New York City ePrix double header, which brought motor racing back to the city for the first since 1896. The fifth was the series' first visit to Canada for the season-closing Montreal ePrix. The final two changes saw the rounds at Long Beach and Punta del Este dropped from the calendar because of financial issues. There were two new teams with car manufacturer Jaguar returning to motor racing as a works team for the first time in twelve years, and Team Aguri was bought by public entity and venture capital firm China Media Capital and renamed Techeetah.

ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport driver Lucas di Grassi secured his first Drivers' Championship in the season-closing race in Montreal. The runner-up was defending champion Buemi, 24 points behind, after missing the New York City races because of a World Endurance Championship commitment at the Nürburgring, and Mahindra driver Felix Rosenqvist third, another 30 points adrift, in his first Formula E season. Although neither of their drivers won the title, Renault e.Dams clinched their third consecutive Teams' Championship, ahead of ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport and Mahindra.

Teams and drivers

The following ten teams and twenty-five drivers competed in the 2016–17 FIA Formula E Championship:[1]

Team Manufacturer Powertrain No. Drivers Rounds
United Kingdom DS Virgin Racing Spark-Citroën DS Virgin DSV-02 2 United Kingdom Sam Bird All
37 Argentina José María López 1–8, 11–12
United Kingdom Alex Lynn 9–10
China NextEV NIO Spark-NEXTEV NEXTEV TCR Formula 002 3 Brazil Nelson Piquet Jr. All
88 United Kingdom Oliver Turvey All
Monaco Venturi Formula E Spark-Venturi Venturi VM200-FE-02 4 France Stephane Sarrazin 1–6
France Tom Dillmann 7–12
5 Germany Maro Engel 1–5, 7–12
France Tom Dillmann 6
United States Faraday Future Dragon Racing Spark-Penske Penske 701-EV 6 France Loïc Duval 1–5, 7–12
United Kingdom Mike Conway 6
7 Belgium Jérôme d'Ambrosio All
France Renault e.Dams Spark-Renault Renault Z.E 16 8 France Nico Prost All
9 Switzerland Sébastien Buemi 1–8, 11–12
France Pierre Gasly 9–10
Germany ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport Spark-Abt Sportsline ABT Schaeffler FE02 11 Brazil Lucas di Grassi All
66 Germany Daniel Abt All
India Mahindra Racing Spark-Mahindra Mahindra M3Electro 19 Sweden Felix Rosenqvist All
23 Germany Nick Heidfeld All
United Kingdom Panasonic Jaguar Racing Spark-Jaguar Jaguar I-Type 1 20 New Zealand Mitch Evans All
47 United Kingdom Adam Carroll All
China Techeetah Spark-Renault Renault Z.E 16 25 France Jean-Éric Vergne All
33 China Ma Qing Hua 1–3
Mexico Esteban Gutiérrez 4–6
France Stephane Sarrazin 7–12
United States MS Amlin Andretti Spark-Andretti Andretti ATEC-02 27 Netherlands Robin Frijns All
28 Portugal António Félix da Costa All
Sources:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Team changes

Jaguar returned to motor racing after a twelve-year absence in collaboration with Williams Grand Prix Engineering.

Several team changes took place before the season began. Car manufacturer Jaguar announced their return to motor racing in December 2015 as a works team for the first time since the company withdrew from Formula One at the end of 2004, and entered the sport in collaboration with Williams Grand Prix Engineering, as a means of expanding their electric vehicle portfolio.[9] Dragon Racing manufactured its own powertrain after using one supplied by Venturi in the previous season.[10] It entered into a technical partnership with American start-up technology company Faraday Future in July 2016 for the next four seasons, with an option for a further four years after the current agreement expires.[11] Likewise, shortly before the season commenced, Andretti announced that it had entered into a two-year technical partnership with BMW, enabling the German manufacturer to familiarise themselves with the series in view of a potential works team for the 2018–19 season depending on Formula E's progress.[12]

After a period of uncertainty, Team Aguri principal Aguri Suzuki announced he was leaving the team in April 2016 as senior personnel entered "a period of consultation" over a future change in ownership.[13] In the week before the 2016 London ePrix, the Chinese public equity and venture capital firm China Media Capital announced that it had purchased Team Aguri and would establish a new entity to replace Team Aguri's existing structure.[14] The entity was publicly named as Techeetah a few weeks later following Team Aguri's official withdrawal from Formula E.[15] Senior personnel from Team Aguri, including team principal Mark Preston, retained their jobs with Techeetah,[16] and the cars ran a custom Renault powertrain.[17] After they were prevented from shipping vital car components for the opening race of the season in Beijing, and failing pre-race scrutineering at the following round in Putrajaya, the Trulli GP team withdrew from the series, enabling Jaguar to enter the championship.[18]

Driver changes

Joining Formula E and changing teams

José María López joined the series with Virgin Racing, his first season in single-seaters since 2006.

2015 FIA Formula Three European Championship winner and two-time Macau Grand Prix victor Felix Rosenqvist joined the series with Mahindra to partner Nick Heidfeld, filling the seat taken previously by Bruno Senna, who elected to focus primarily on the World Endurance Championship in 2017.[19] Defending FIA GT World Cup champion Maro Engel, who had not taken part in any single-seater racing series since the 2007 British Formula Three Championship, was hired by Venturi to replace World Endurance Championship driver Mike Conway, who chose not to return to Formula E having chosen to focus strictly on the endurance racing series.[20] Three-time World Touring Car champion José María López was employed by Virgin Racing and was joined by its regular driver Sam Bird. López had competed previously in single-seater motor racing categories such as the GP2 Series with Super Nova Racing, along with occasional testing for the Renault Formula One team in 2006, and was signed as a driver for the proposed USF1 project in 2010.[21]

Jean-Éric Vergne's future at Virgin Racing was under review since February and it was later confirmed to the press on 4 July that he was leaving the team.[22] He was signed to the new Techeetah team three days later. Vergne was joined by Ma Qinghua, who drove in the final three rounds of the previous season.[23] António Félix da Costa, who spent the previous two seasons with Team Aguri, confirmed in August that he had signed a contract to join the Andretti team. He replaced Simona de Silvestro who left the series and signed to drive for Nissan Motorsport in the Australian Supercars Championship in 2017.[24][25] Jaguar stated that their drivers would be announced after the pre-season testing session at Donington Park; a list of potential drivers circulated in the press.[26] They elected to evaluate four drivers: 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix champion Adam Carroll, GP2 Series drivers Mitch Evans and Alex Lynn, and European Le Mans Series competitor Harry Tincknell to determine who would best fit their team.[27] The team later nominated Carroll and Evans to drive for them in September 2016 with three-time Formula E starter Ho-Pin Tung signed as their reserve driver.[28]

Mid-season changes

The season saw five driver changes. The first was came about when the former Haas F1 driver Esteban Gutiérrez announced he was entering Formula E in January 2017 having explored options with three teams before settling for Techeetah. Gutiérrez replaced the poorly-performing Ma who could not match teammate Vergne's form in the season's first three rounds, but remained at Techeetah as its third driver.[2] Duval and Engel were unable to participate in the Paris ePrix because of a Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters commitment at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz and were replaced by Conway and Formula V8 3.5 Series champion Tom Dillmann respectively.[3][4]

Heading into the Berlin race, Stephane Sarrazin—who had raced for Venturi since the championship started in 2014—was granted permission to leave the team and joined Techeetah to replace Gutiérrez who focused on deputising for the injured Dale Coyne Racing driver Sébastien Bourdais in the IndyCar Series.[5] His position at Venturi was taken over by Dillmann for the rest of the season.[6] Because the New York City ePrix clashed with the 6 Hours of Nürburgring, López and Sébastien Buemi were required to prioritise the World Endurance Championship by Toyota. They were replaced by Lynn and 2016 GP2 Series champion and Super Formula driver Pierre Gasly.[7][8]

Season calendar

Round ePrix Country Track Date
1 Hong Kong ePrix  Hong Kong Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit 9 October 2016
2 Marrakesh ePrix  Morocco Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan 12 November 2016
3 Buenos Aires ePrix  Argentina Puerto Madero Street Circuit 18 February 2017
4 Mexico City ePrix  Mexico Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez 1 April 2017
5 Monaco ePrix  Monaco Circuit de Monaco 13 May 2017
6 Paris ePrix  France Paris Street Circuit 20 May 2017
7 Berlin ePrix Race 1  Germany Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit 10 June 2017
8 Berlin ePrix Race 2 11 June 2017
9 New York City ePrix Race 1  United States Brooklyn Street Circuit 15 July 2017
10 New York City ePrix Race 2 16 July 2017
11 Montreal ePrix Race 1  Canada Montreal Street Circuit 29 July 2017
12 Montreal ePrix Race 2 30 July 2017
Source:[29]

Calendar changes

New and returning races

Formula E visited Marrakesh for the first time in the season, which marked the inaugural race on the African continent.

The idea for a Hong Kong race first arose in 2013 when a design team visited the city. It was intended to be included in the 2014–15 season schedule, but negotiations and approval from local authorities, and motorsport's international governing body the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), went on longer than anticipated.[30] In October 2015 the Hong Kong ePrix was announced by the CEO and founder of Formula E Alejandro Agag at a press conference at the Central Harbour Front Event Space pending further review by FIA.[31] In February 2016, Stéphane Roux, the chief organiser of the World Touring Car Championship, announced to the local press that Formula E was "keen" to hold a race on the streets of Marrakesh in the "near future".[32] Both races were confirmed in the final version of the calendar during a meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council in September 2016.[33]

After being left out of the season two calendar because it takes the place of the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco every other year, the Monaco ePrix was reinstated for the 2016–17 season with a scheduled date of 13 May to start a three-round streak in Europe.[34] It had been proposed that the principality hold a race following the cancellation of the Moscow ePrix the previous season, but it did not proceed because of the lack of preparation time.[35] In December 2016, Berlin city officials voted against the ePrix returning to the Karl-Marx-Allee, citing "unreasonable road closures and restrictions for residents and road users," prompting race organisers to find an alternative venue.[36] Following consultation with city authorities, it was announced two months later that the Berlin ePrix would return to the venue that held the first running of the event, Templehof Airport, but on a revised layout.[37]

Formula E made its first appearance in New York City, the first motor race to be held in the city since 1896.

In March 2014, it was announced that Formula E was working with New York City authorities to bring a motor race to the area.[38] Formula E's founder Alejandro Agag told CNN in May 2016 that he was "very optimistic" about the possibility of hosting an event in the city: "I've just come from New York looking at different venues, different possibilities. It's far from done yet but we are very optimistic. Our dream would be to have a race in New York."[39] On September 21, 2016, officials announced that the New York City ePrix would be held on the 1.210-mile (1.947 km) long Brooklyn Street Circuit in the neighbourhood of Red Hook, Brooklyn.[40] Montreal's Mayor Denis Coderre announced in September 2014 that he had entered into advanced discussions with FIA's President Jean Todt over holding a race in the city. After flying to Miami to meet with series officials six months later, Coderre said in May 2015 that "informal agreements" had been reached,[41] and planning for the event commenced in January 2016.[42]

Failed races

A planned race in Brussels was removed from the calendar after local government officials could not agree on a suitable location to hold the ePrix. It was initially agreed that the race be held in the Heysel Plateau area north of the city, but the idea was dropped because of a clashing event. The series located a replacement venue 3 miles (4.8 km) south in Koekelberg but officials opposed this because of the disruption of early summer transport links.[43] However, no other venue was found and the race was officially cancelled on 9 March, prompting the series to upgrade the Berlin ePrix to a double header.[29] The Long Beach round was discontinued because a financial agreement to continue hosting the event was not reached,[44] and the Punta del Este ePrix was also dropped from the calendar owing to similar consequences with the government of Uruguay.[45]

Rule changes

The start of the first practice session was pushed back by fifteen minutes to accommodate Roborace, the autonomous racing car series that held demonstration runs during the season.[46] Unlike previous seasons, only one point was offered to the driver who recorded the fastest lap of any race to reduce the possibility that the championship could be decided by this additional award.[46]

A 50% increase in the available regeneration progress from 100 kilowatts (130 hp) to 150 kilowatts (200 hp) was made possible by the evolution of the battery constructed by Williams Advanced Engineering, expanding the amount of possible strategies for drivers to utilise.[47] However, the maximum amount of power that could be used during the race weekend remained at 200 kilowatts (270 hp) for season three. It will later be increased to 220 kilowatts (300 hp) in season four and 250 kilowatts (340 hp) in season five following careful battery performance and cost analysis.[48] Battery cell weight was increased from 200 kilograms (440 lb) to 230 kilograms (510 lb) though the maximum weight of the car fell to 880 kilograms (1,940 lb) having previously been limited to 888 kilograms (1,958 lb).[49]

With regard to battery management, "power ramping down" was introduced whereby cars that exceeded their maximum power usage during the main race were required to linearly ramp down to 0 kilowatts (0 hp) within five seconds on the track, and the car's rain light had to switch on to warn other drivers. After the car crossed the line to mark the entry to pit lane, the driver had to engage the motor-generator unit power to continue racing or return to the pit lane if this proved unsuccessful. The change was introduced to aid spectators when the rule on energy usage was transgressed without having to rely on a steward's decision.[47]

For the new season, tyre supplier Michelin introduced an upgraded version of its 18-inch (460 mm) all-weather tyre, which provided less rolling resistance, a weight reduction, and was designed to supply better energy management.[46][47] It was expected the tyres would gain optimum temperature faster and have the same high amount of longevity as the previous generation of tyres.[46] The front wing mounted on all cars was redesigned for a more aggressive cosmetic appearance,[47] and to give the series "a strong visual identity" to distinguish itself from other motor racing championships.[46] Cars also ran with a redesigned steering wheel which provided drivers with additional functionality options to enable them to take advantage of the new strategic choices made possible by battery modifications.[47] Starting with the Berlin ePrix, teams were required to display a driver's name and racing number on the external bodywork of the car in a way that was more clearly visible to spectators.[50]

Race summaries

Pre-season

Sébastien Buemi was the defending Drivers' Champion after securing his first title at the 2016 London ePrix. His team, Renault e.Dams, began the season as the defending Teams' Champion, having clinched their second consecutive accolade at the same event.[51] Two pre-season test sessions, held at Donington Park, were conducted on 23–25 August and 5–7 September 2016.[52] The test sessions saw quick times laid down throughout,[53] and marked the first usage of Michelin's new tyre compound in both dry and wet weather conditions.[54] Ultimately, it was Buemi and Vergne who were the two drivers who set the fastest overall lap times on the third day of running although they were only a couple of seconds covering the field in terms of outright pace on a circuit almost twice the length of a standard ePrix venue.[53]

Round 1 – Hong Kong

Nelson Piquet Jr. (pictured in 2013) took pole position for the Hong Kong ePrix and led the first 17 laps before crashing.

The season began in Hong Kong.[29] Qualifying was cut short due to multiple crashes which caused several stoppages. The starting order was determined by the fastest drivers in the four qualifying groups.[55] Nelson Piquet Jr. earned the first pole position of his career ahead of teammate Oliver Turvey in second.[56] He took an early lead from Turvey as the field was bottle-necked by contact in the first and second turns. Di Grassi was caught off guard by Ma braking, and rammed into his car's back end, removing the right-front section of his nose cone.[57] While Piquet pulled clear from the rest of the field, di Grassi was required to enter the pit lane for a replacement front wing and made his stop on the eighth lap.[58]

Bird had risen to second after passing Turvey two laps previously;[59] he was unable to take the lead from Piquet until the latter reacted late to López's stricken car at the complex comprising turns three and four on lap 17, and went into the barrier.[60] Piquet resumed by selecting reverse gear and emerged without any car damage,[58] but the safety car was deployed to enable the extraction of López's car from the track and for marshals to make barrier repairs. Some drivers elected to switch to their second cars at the end of the 20th lap.[59][60] Having chosen not to make a pit stop, Bird led the field back up to racing speed at the lap-21 restart and held it for an additional four laps until he made a problematic pit stop which dropped him down the order.[61] As a result, Buemi moved into first place with di Grassi in second. Buemi was unchallenged for the remainder of the race and secured his first victory of the season and the seventh of his career.[59]

Round 2 – Marrakesh

In the first Formula E race on the African continent,[62] Rosenqvist clinched his maiden career pole position in his second race start as well as the first for his team Mahindra.[63] Buemi, who took second, was demoted five places on the starting grid because his car's fire extinguisher was found to be underweight because it had emptied from a possible leak.[64] Rosenqvist took an early lead in the race by making a fast getaway off the line.[65] However, shortly after, he reported over the radio that his steering wheel's dashboard was only displaying one page, limiting the amount of information available to him.[66] Rosenqvist had opened a five-second advantage over Bird,[65] but the latter was being caught by Vergne by more than four-tenths of a second per lap.[67] Although he had less electrical energy,[68] Vergne caught the delayed Bird, who chose not to protect, and overtook him for second position on the 16th lap.[67] On the same lap, the pit stop phase for the mandatory car change began when Rosenqvist and Vergne entered the pit lane,[66] promoting Buemi and Bird into first and second. Buemi was driving faster and Bird and passed him on the following lap before both drivers made their pit stops.[65]

After the pit stops, Rosenqvist retook first place and retained most of his four-second advantage over Vergne.[65] However, Vergne was handed a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane which he took on lap 23,[69] ending his chances of claiming the win.[70] Because he made a pit stop one lap earlier than the rest of the field, Rosenqvist reduced his pace as he was conserving electrical energy usage, allowing Buemi to draw closer at the rate of two seconds per lap with FanBoost assistance. Buemi slipstreamed Rosenqvist and braked later than he did to move into the lead on the 29th lap.[66][69][70] Rosenqvist struggled to conserve battery usage and thus ran at a reduced pace,[69] allowing Bird to take second position from him with two laps remaining.[70] While Rosenqvist focused on preserving electrical energy,[67] Buemi crossed the start/finish line unhindered after 33 laps to clinch his second consecutive victory, and the eighth of his career.[66][69]

Round 3 – Buenos Aires

The championship resumed four months later in Buenos Aires.[29] It was announced in November 2016 that the Buenos Aires race would be the last to be held at the Puerto Madero Street Circuit; the change was prompted because of the Puerto Madero area undergoing redevelopment.[71] For the third consecutive race, the pole sitter secured his maiden first position start. This time di Grassi secured the accolade by nearly-two tenths of a second over Vergne.[72] Di Grassi kept the lead at the beginning of the event, and Vergne fended off a challenge by Buemi for second place. Carroll remained stationary at his starting position on the opening lap, but was able to start his car and racing resumed on the next lap.[73] Vergne immediately began challenging for first place and overtook di Grassi at turn four on the third lap to move into the lead.[73][74]

Buemi passed di Grassi three turns later to claim second place while Vergne managed to establish a small lead over Buemi.[74][75] Buemi got a better exit leaving the final corner and passed Vergne by braking later than he did for the lead three laps further on. Di Grassi struggled with his car's handling, enabling Turvey to pass him for third, and he was put under pressure by the other e.Dams car of Prost. The pit stop phase began on lap 18 and when it ended Buemi regained the lead. Six laps later, di Grassi moved back into third place by capitalising on a driving mistake committed by Prost. Di Grassi pushed hard in an attempt to close up to Vergne, but the French driver responded by stabilising the time deficit to two seconds.[73][75] Despite braking difficulties with his second car which rendered him unable to brake in a straight line,[76] Buemi crossed the finish line after 37 laps to win his third race of the season and the ninth of his career. He also became the first driver in Formula E history to win three consecutive ePrix.[77]

Round 4 – Mexico City

Oliver Turvey (pictured in 2013) took his maiden pole position in Mexico City and led laps before retiring with power problems.

Prior to the race, Techeetah announced that former Haas F1 driver Esteban Gutiérrez would be replacing the poorly-performing Ma Qinghua in the team's second car.[2] For the first (and only) time in the season, the fastest driver in qualifying did not start the race from pole position. Daniel Abt set the fastest time, but a hefty grid penalty for tyres that were below the minimum mandated pressure of 1.60-bar (160 kPa) left him 18th overall.[78] Furthermore, second-place qualifier Maro Engel was demoted ten places because he changed his gearbox after two failures in the preceding round in Buenos Aires.[79] These two penalties promoted Turvey into his first career pole position,[80] and he made a clean start to retain his startline advantage on the first lap.[81] Engel went into di Grassi's and damaged his rear wing as the field concertinaed through turns three and five and di Grassi was forced into an unscheduled pit stop for a replacement rear wing.[82] The safety car was deployed on the second lap while marshals cleaned the track of debris and di Grassi was able to avoid going a lap behind the leaders.[81] Turvey kept the lead at the restart three laps later, and was closely followed by López until Turvey slowed with power issues, handing the lead to López. Turvey could not reset his car, leading to his retirement, and the second appearance of the safety car.[81][83]

With the field closed up, di Grassi and Jérôme d'Ambrosio opted to make the mandatory switch to their second cars on the 18th lap, and although the change would enable the duo to gain positions when other drivers made their stops, it required them to conserve electrical energy towards the race's end.[81][82] Di Grassi and d'Ambrosio moved into first and second places as a result of the field changing into their second cars between the 24th and 26th laps.[81][84] The safety car was deployed after Loïc Duval stopped on the track with a battery issue.[85] The safety car was withdrawn on lap 30 and di Grassi held the lead and conserved his electrical energy usage enough to make the finish,[82][84] securing his first victory of the season and the fifth of his career.[86] Di Grassi's win ended Renault e.Dams's streak of six consecutive victories, extending back to the 2016 Berlin ePrix.[87] Elsewhere in an action-packed race, Buemi finished 14th after spinning attempting to overtake Rosenqvist, but earned one point for setting the fastest lap.[88] Di Grassi's victory brought with it twenty-five points that put him five points behind Buemi in the championship contest.[85]

Round 5 – Monaco

The European leg of the season commenced in Monaco.[29] The fifth consecutive driver to clinch pole position in the season came to fruition when Buemi recorded the fastest time in qualifying.[89] He took an early lead with second-place starter di Grassi running close behind.[90] Buemi was able to establish a small advantage of one second over di Grassi.[91] On the eighth lap, Bird drove over the kerbing at Tabac corner and damaged his suspension in an impact with the barrier and was shown a black flag with an orange disc, requiring him to enter the pit lane to make repairs to his car. His teammate López was mandated to do the same after damage to his rear wing was noted by officials. Both drivers began a battle to set the race's fastest lap.[90][91] Piquet could not remain in touch with the leaders and Vergne closed up to him. Vergne steered right onto the inside line on lap 21, and as both drivers locked their tyres, Piquet clambered with his steering wheel, and both cars made contact. Vergne's race ended prematurely at the wall, but Piquet was able to continue driving. The safety car was deployed to enable Vergne's car to be extracted from the track, and drivers elected to make pit stops for the compulsory switch into their second vehicles.[90][91][92]

Buemi led the field at the lap-26 restart, and was followed by di Grassi and Nick Heidfeld.[90][93] After one lap under racing speeds, Buemi again pulled clear from di Grassi and established a one-second advantage over the latter. Buemi attempted to level out the electrical energy difference between himself and di Grassi by lifting and coasting and used FanBoost to maintain his lead.[91] Di Grassi narrowed the gap to Buemi—who had less electrical energy available—to half a second with six laps remaining, and while thinking about an overtaking attempt on the e.Dams driver, both men were delayed by slower traffic, causing di Grassi to drop back.[90][91] Di Grassi was also awarded FanBoost, but could not use it because of battery voltage limitations,[94] although he was able to draw closer to Buemi on the final lap. He forced the Swiss driver to defend his position, but could not find the space to get ahead as the run to the start/finish line was not long enough, allowing Buemi to fend him off,[90][92] and win his fourth race of the season,[93] and the tenth of his career.[95]

Round 6 – Paris

Sébastien Buemi won his fifth victory of the season in Paris to extend his Drivers' Championship advantage to a season-high of 43 points.

Two drivers, Duval and Engel, missed the Paris ePrix because of a Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters commitment at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz and were replaced by Toyota World Endurance Championship driver Mike Conway and Formula V8 3.5 Series champion Tom Dillmann.[3][4] In qualifying, where lap times were slower than the previous year because of indistinct changes to the track's surface and Michelin's new tyre, Buemi became the first driver to achieve his second pole position of the season with a slim gap of 0.006 seconds over López.[96] At the start, Buemi fended off an overtaking manoeuvre by Vergne to maintain his startline advantage.[97] After the first lap passed without incident, the field established themselves in their respective places and the first on-track battles commenced.[98] Upfront, Buemi built up a one-second lead over Vergne while Gutiérrez lost positions because he was unable to match the pace of the leading drivers.[98][99] After being able to pass Dillmann, Antonio Félix da Costa gained on di Grassi and overtook him, but the latter remained close behind Félix da Costa.[98]

Di Grassi attempted to retake the position from Félix da Costa on lap 16 and moved in front, but both cars made contact, causing them to spear into the wall. The stewards investigated the collision and chose not to take any action against di Grassi.[100] The incident prompted the activation of the full course yellow procedure and most drivers, including Buemi, chose to switch into their second cars.[98] Conway led the race for three laps before making his own stop.[97][99] Vergne drew closer to Buemi on lap 34,[98] but suspected something had broken on his car causing his steering to become loose. He ran wide leaving turn 13, damaging his vehicle's front-right corner in a collision with the barrier, ending his race.[101] Vergne's stricken car necessitated the safety car's deployment,[98] and racing resumed four laps later with Buemi closely followed by López and Heidfeld. With two laps remaining in the event, di Grassi locked his tyres and crashed into the wall, prompting the race to end behind the safety car for the second consecutive year.[99] This enabled Buemi to clinch his fifth victory of the season and the 11th of his career.[102] The result gave Buemi a season-high lead of 43 points over di Grassi in the Drivers' Championship.[97]

Rounds 7 & 8 – Berlin

First race

Rosenqvist secured his first career victory in the first Berlin ePrix but was penalised for an unsafe pit stop exit in the second race.

One week before the first Berlin ePrix, two more driver changes occurred when Gutiérrez left Techeetah to deputise for the injured Dale Coyne Racing driver Sébastien Bourdais in the IndyCar Series, and Stéphane Sarrazin took over his seat with Dillmann moving into the second Venturi car.[5][6] Di Grassi—nursing an ankle injury he sustained while playing in a charity football match four days prior to the first race—[103] took his second pole position of the season with the closest margin in Formula E history, 0.001 seconds over López.[104] Di Grassi took an early lead,[105] while López made a slow getaway and was passed by the Mahindra cars of Heidfeld and Rosenqvist.[106] By the start of lap five, di Grassi had already built up a 1.2 second advantage over Rosenqvist and the latter required extra electrical energy in reserve to attack in the closing stages of the first race.[107] Going into the pit stop window, Rosenqvist reduced di Grassi's lead to three-tenths of a second,[106] and took advantage of di Grassi lifting and coasting early to take over the lead on the 22nd lap.[108]

After all drivers had changed to their second cars, Rosenqvist remained the leader with di Grassi in second and holding back on using FanBoost to attack the latter. Heidfeld began to close up on di Grassi.[106] Rosenqvist eventually opened up a two-second advantage over the struggling di Grassi and the latter activated FanBoost to defend from the closing Heidfeld.[107][109] Rosenqvist held the lead for the rest of the race and crossed the start/finish line after 44 laps to secure his (and Mahindra's) first victory in Formula E.[108] Elsewhere in the field, after qualifying poorly which meant he started down the field, Buemi was able to recover ground and finished fifth on the road.[106] He was later disqualified after the first race when post-race scrutineering determined that all four tyres on both his cars were below the minimum mandated pressure of 1.60-bar (160 kPa). Both Buemi and Renault e.Dams co-owner Alain Prost spoke of their disappointment with the decision, but chose to focus their attention on the second race.[110]

Second race

Rosenqvist carried over his strong form into the second race where he took his second career pole position by nearly one-tenth of a second in front of Buemi.[111] He maintained his pole position advantage on the first lap and opened up a healthy lead of two seconds over Buemi. At this early stage of the race, Rosenqvist was instructed over the radio to preserve electrical energy by lifting and coasting.[112] His teammate Heidfeld— who qualified 20th (and last) because of a throttle sensor malfunction that prevented him from recording a maximum power lap—[113] had caught Mitch Evans's Jaguar and challenged him for the final points-scoring position of tenth by the 13th lap.[114] Upfront, Rosenqvist and Buemi had pulled away from López with the two leading drivers separated by one second. López was being challenged by teammate Bird for third position, but the latter had difficulty overtaking him until Bird executed a failed overtaking manoeuvre four laps later that resulted in contact and fell to seventh behind Vergne, di Grassi and Abt.[115]

At this stage, Buemi was 1.3 seconds adrift of Rosenqvist, but the latter was aware of the situation and glanced at his rear-view mirrors to ensure he had a large enough advantage to remain ahead after the pit stop phase.[112] The mandatory pit stop phase for the switch into a second car began on lap 23 when the leading drivers entered the pit lane.[116] After driving out of his team's garage,[117] Rosenqvist was released into teammate Heidfeld's path, causing the latter to swerve and nearly enter another team's pit lane gantry. Despite this delay, Rosenqvist remained the leader.[116] He was immediately placed under investigation by the stewards,[114] and built up a steady advantage over Buemi as he was aware of the possible implications.[113] After reviewing Rosenqvist's pit stop release, he was handed a ten-second time penalty which was applied at the end of the race.[118] Unhindered in the closing stages of the race, Rosenqvist crossed the start/finish line after 46 laps to finish first on the road, 2.9 seconds ahead of Buemi, but with the application of his penalty, Buemi was declared the winner.[119] It was Buemi's sixth victory of the season and the 12th of his career.[120]

Rounds 9 & 10 – New York City

Sam Bird, pictured (right), won both New York City races.

First race

Buemi and López missed the New York City ePrix as the race clashed with the 6 Hours of Nürburgring. They were replaced by 2016 GP2 Series Champion and Super Formula driver Pierre Gasly and GP2 Series driver Alex Lynn.[7] In the first motor race held in New York City since 1896,[121] Lynn clinched pole position in his maiden Formula E ePrix ahead of Abt.[122] Lynn spun his tyres leaving the grid at the start of the race, enabling Abt to move into first place.[123] However, he could not pull away from the field because he opted to conserve electrical energy.[124] Bird grew frustrated with teammate Lynn for defending and was eventually granted permission to overtake him for second position on the ninth lap and quickly challenged Abt for the lead.[125] Meanwhile, Abt was struggling with brakes and his team asked him to focus on restoring electrical energy.[126] Bird used this handicap to his advantage, and after twice failing to pass him,[127] overtook Abt with an aggressive manoeuvre for the lead on lap 16.[125] However, Lynn had electrical energy management issues and was swiftly demoted from second to fifth by lap 17. By this point, Heidfeld was attacking Abt, but Vergne drew closer to him and both drivers passed Abt to demote him to fourth.[128]

Abt regained the lead temporarily for one lap when the field made pit stops, but Bird reclaimed the position with Vergne now running in second. Swift work from Sarrazin's crew enabled him to gain the most places and move into fourth while Heidfeld fell to eighth.[125] Di Grassi was battling Rosenqvist, but was driving cautiously as he attempted to find space to affect a pass.[126] He was able to move ahead of Rosenqvist when the latter spun into the barrier on lap 33 and was required by officials to make a pit stop for repairs to his rear .[125][127] Heidfeld's right-rear suspension collapsed following heavy contact with a kerb and stopped on the track on the 37th lap, necessitating the safety car's deployment. This prompted a two-lap sprint to the finish with Bird as the leader.[128] Sarrazin took over third when Abt slowed with a battery management system failure on the final lap; Abt narrowly avoided collecting teammate di Grassi as he endeavoured to rejoin, but stopped on the track.[125] Vergne attempted to pass Bird by braking later than he did, but was not close enough to affect an overtake.[126] Bird held the lead for the rest of the race to clinch his fourth career victory and become the first driver to win a motor race in New York City.[129]

Second race

The car of Pierre Gasly in the paddock prior to Sunday qualifying. He replaced Buemi who had a World Endurance Championship commitment.

Bird carried over his winning form from the previous day's race and clinched pole position with a 0.037 second margin over Rosenqvist.[130] Drivers ran six laps in the second race which made battery management the primary concern.[131] For the second consecutive ePrix, it was not the pole sitter who got away in the lead as Rosenqvist accelerated faster than Bird off the line to lead the first lap.[132] Bird kept within reach of Rosenqvist in the opening laps,[132] while Heidfeld gained on both drivers.[131] The first full course yellow was prompted on lap nine when Evans hit the barrier near the entry to the pit lane and had difficulty reversing.[131][133] Fourth-place runner Gasly was the first driver to notice the full course yellow's deployment and fell back from the leading competitors.[133][134] Shortly after the restart, Bird attacked Rosenqvist and caught the latter off guard allowing him to take over the lead on lap 11.[134][135] Bird began to pull away from the field.[136] A second full course yellow was triggered nine laps later when Lynn stopped on the backstraight with a technical problem, and this prompted several drivers to make pit stops.[131][136] Bird opted to remain on track for one additional lap before making his stop, giving him more electrical energy than the drivers behind him.[132]

When racing resumed, Bird kept first place, and used the restart to increase his lead to three seconds over both Mahindra cars without using too much electrical energy.[131][134] Mahindra located an energy readout issue on Rosenqvist's car, and the team prompted Heidfeld to overtake him for second position on lap 36 to see whether he could draw closer to Bird and pass him. Rosenqvist fell behind quickly so that his problem could be solved in a calmer environment.[133][137] This allowed Bird to extend his advantage by another second.[134] Heidfeld allowed teammate Rosenqvist to reclaim second place on the 48th (and penultimate) lap.[131] Despite picking up oversteer in the race's closing moments, Bird opened up a healthy advantage,[133] crossing the start/finish line after 49 laps to secure his second consecutive victory of the season and the fifth of his career.[138] Gasly caught the Mahindra cars of Rosenqvist and Heidfeld on the final lap, and all three drivers concertinaed through the final turn.[132] While challenging Heidfeld for third position, Gasly carried too much speed entering the final corner, drifted into the wall lining the track, hurling a detachable barrier onto the circuit, which was not collected by any other driver.[131][136] At the end of the race weekend, di Grassi had narrowed Buemi's championship lead to ten points heading into the season-closing Montreal ePrix.[132]

Rounds 11 & 12 – Montreal

First race

A maximum of fifty-nine points were available for the final ePrix which meant Buemi could still win the title if di Grassi won both races and Buemi took two pole positions and finished second twice.[139] A heavy shunt in the second practice session by Buemi prompted his team to construct a new car around a spare monocoque,[140] but he was handed a ten-place grid penalty for changing his battery.[141] Di Grassi clinched his third career pole position by going 0.196 seconds quicker than Buemi in qualifying, but the latter's penalty demoted him to 12th.[142] When the race started, di Grassi fended off an attack from Sarrazin to lead the first lap. Buemi drove conservatively and was thus delayed in a tight pack of cars and sustained steering damage from contact with Robin Frijns.[143] While di Grassi pulled away to establish a healthy lead,[144] attention switched to Buemi who fought back through the field to gain places.[145] On the 14th lap,[145] Heidfeld attempted to pass Duval, but he defended his position and the two made contact. Duval continued driving, but Heidfeld sustained front-right suspension damage, and the full course yellow procedure was activated to allow his stricken car to be removed from the track. This prompted most of the field to enter the pit lane and switch to their second cars.[142][146]

Buemi was frustrated at Abt in the pit lane with Abt ramming into Buemi's rear after leaving it.[147] Swift work from Vergne's pit crew moved him into third and teammate Sarrazin ceded second place to him and began closing up to di Grassi.[144][146] López lost control of his car's rear on lap 24,[147] and spun into the barrier, necessitating the safety car's deployment.[146] The safety car was withdrawn five laps later,[146] and racing resumed with di Grassi using FanBoost to pull clear from Vergne in the leading Techeetah car. Vergne drew close to di Grassi and was right behind the latter in the final two laps.[145] He feigned an overtaking manoeuvre on di Grassi who defended the lead.[146] Buemi closed up to third-place Sarrazin on the final lap, but was unable to get ahead of him, and di Grassi maintained the lead for the rest of the race and took the victory.[147] Buemi was visibly angry after the race and engaged in arguments with Félix da Costa, Frijns and Abt.[148] He was later disqualified because his second car was found to be underweight. Renault e.Dams elected not to file an appeal.[149] As a result, di Grassi displaced season-long leader Buemi in the championship and held an 18-point advantage heading into the final race of the season.[144]

Second race

Jean-Éric Vergne (pictured in 2016) clinched his first motor racing victory in the second Montreal race since the 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 Series.

In qualifying for the second Montreal race, Rosenqvist took his third pole position with Bird in second. Di Grassi took fifth while a driving error restricted Buemi to 13th.[150] Rosenqvist kept his pole position advantage on the first lap while Sarrazin spun following contact with Piquet, and Abt and blocked the track at the first turn.[151][152] Buemi sustained minor rear damage from contact with Félix da Costa, causing his right-rear wheel guard to detach and flail. He was shown a black flag with an orange disc, requiring him to enter the pit lane for repairs.[153] The loosework bodywork part fell off his car and his pit stop was short-lived, but he fell down the field.[151] After ten laps of the race had been completed, Vergne mounted an attack on Rosenqvist for the lead as Vergne had more electrical energy to use than the Mahindra car ahead of him. He could not find any space to move in front.[152] The mandatory change for drivers to switch into their second cars began on lap 18 when Engel and Piquet became the first drivers to enter the pit lane. Rosenqvist followed on the next lap with Vergne, López and both ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport cars of di Grassi and Abt opting to remain on track for an additional lap to allow all four drivers to run in clean air.[154]

Di Grassi's strategy of staying out for one extra lap did not work as his pit stop lasted two seconds longer than the agreed minimum pit stop time, and he emerged in tenth place behind teammate Abt.[151] After the pit stops, Rosenqvist reclaimed the lead with a five-second advantage over Vergne.[155] Vergne had closed up to race leader Rosenqvist on the 29th lap and took advantage of the latter lifting and coasting to overtake him for the lead.[154][155] The improved top speed of Vergne enabled him to pull away quickly from Rosenqvist.[151] López caught Rosenqvist in the final laps of the race, but could not pass him.[152] Vergne maintained the lead for the remainder of the race to clinch his maiden Formula E victory after securing eight podium results in the preceding three seasons.[156] It was Vergne's first motor racing victory since the 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 Series round at Circuit Paul Ricard.[157] Di Grassi came back up the field and finished seventh to secure his first Drivers' Championship.[155] Despite a poor race where Buemi finished 11th, and Prost claiming only one point for the fastest lap, Renault e.Dams retained the Teams' Championship for the third successive season.[153]

Results and standings

ePrix

Round Race Pole position Fastest lap Winning driver Winning team Report
1 Hong Kong Hong Kong Brazil Nelson Piquet Jr. Sweden Felix Rosenqvist Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams Report
2 Morocco Marrakesh Sweden Felix Rosenqvist France Loïc Duval Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams Report
3 Argentina Buenos Aires Brazil Lucas di Grassi Sweden Felix Rosenqvist Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams Report
4 Mexico Mexico City United Kingdom Oliver Turvey Switzerland Sébastien Buemi Brazil Lucas di Grassi Germany ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport Report
5 Monaco Monaco Switzerland Sébastien Buemi United Kingdom Sam Bird Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams Report
6 France Paris Switzerland Sébastien Buemi United Kingdom Sam Bird Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams Report
7 Germany Berlin Brazil Lucas di Grassi New Zealand Mitch Evans Sweden Felix Rosenqvist India Mahindra Racing Report
8 Sweden Felix Rosenqvist Germany Maro Engel Switzerland Sébastien Buemi France Renault e.Dams
9 United States New York City United Kingdom Alex Lynn Germany Maro Engel United Kingdom Sam Bird United Kingdom DS Virgin Racing Report
10 United Kingdom Sam Bird Germany Daniel Abt United Kingdom Sam Bird United Kingdom DS Virgin Racing
11 Canada Montreal Brazil Lucas di Grassi France Loïc Duval Brazil Lucas di Grassi Germany ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport Report
12 Sweden Felix Rosenqvist France Nico Prost France Jean-Éric Vergne China Techeetah

Drivers' standings

Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, the pole position starter, and the driver who set the fastest lap, using the following structure:

Position  1st   2nd   3rd   4th   5th   6th   7th   8th   9th   10th  Pole FL
Points 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 3 1
Pos. Driver HKG
Hong Kong		 MAR
Morocco		 BUE
Argentina		 MEX
Mexico		 MON
Monaco		 PAR
France		 BER
Germany		 NYC
United States		 MTL
Canada		 Pts
1 Brazil Lucas di Grassi 2* 5* 3* 1* 2* Ret* 2* 3* 4* 5* 1* 7* 181
2 Switzerland Sébastien Buemi 1* 1* 1* 13* 1* 1* DSQ* 1* DSQ* 11* 157
3 Sweden Felix Rosenqvist 15 3 18 16† 6 4 1 2 15 2 9 2 127
4 United Kingdom Sam Bird 13 2 Ret 3 Ret 16 7 7 1 1 5 4 122
5 France Jean-Éric Vergne Ret 8 2 2 Ret Ret 8 6 2* 8 2* 1 117
6 France Nico Prost 4 4 4 5 9 5 5 8 8 6 6 Ret 93
7 Germany Nick Heidfeld 3 9 15 12 3 3 3 10 Ret 3* Ret 5 88
8 Germany Daniel Abt Ret 6* 7* 7* 7 13†* 6* 4* 14†* Ret* 4 6* 67
9 Argentina José María López Ret* 10 10 6 Ret 2 4 5 Ret 3 65
10 France Stéphane Sarrazin 10 12 12 15 15†* 10 11 14 3 12† 3 8 36
11 Brazil Nelson Piquet Jr. 11 16 5 9 4 7 12 12 11 16† 13 16 33
12 United Kingdom Oliver Turvey 8 7 9 Ret 13† 12 10 9 6 14 15 17 26
13 Netherlands Robin Frijns 6 11 14 11 12 6 17 18 9 9 8 13 24
14 New Zealand Mitch Evans Ret 17 13 4 10 9 Ret 17 NC Ret 7 12 22
15 France Loïc Duval 14 18 6 Ret NC 15 Ret 5 13† Ret 19† 20
16 France Pierre Gasly 7 4 18
17 Germany Maro Engel 9 NC NC Ret 5 9 NC NC Ret 12 18 16
18 Belgium Jérôme d'Ambrosio 7 13 8 14 Ret Ret 13 13 Ret 10 11 9 13
19 France Tom Dillmann 8 18 15 13 7 10 10 12
20 Portugal António Félix da Costa 5 Ret 11 Ret 11 Ret 16 11 12 15 14 15 10
21 United Kingdom Adam Carroll 12 14 17 8 14 15 14 16 10 11 16 14 5
22 Mexico Esteban Gutiérrez 10 8 11 5
23 United Kingdom Alex Lynn Ret Ret 3
24 United Kingdom Mike Conway 14 0
25 China Ma Qing Hua Ret 15 16 0
Pos. Driver HKG
Hong Kong		 MAR
Morocco		 BUE
Argentina		 MEX
Mexico		 MON
Monaco		 PAR
France		 BER
Germany		 NYC
United States		 MTL
Canada		 Pts
Source:[158]
ColourResult
GoldWinner
Silver2nd place
Bronze3rd place
GreenPoints finish
BlueNon-points finish
Non-classified finish (NC)
PurpleRetired (Ret)
RedDid not qualify (DNQ)
Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)
BlackDisqualified (DSQ)
WhiteDid not start (DNS)
Withdrew (WD)
Race cancelled (C)
Blank Did not participate (DNP)
Excluded (EX)

Bold – Pole
Italics – Fastest Lap
* – FanBoost

Notes

† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Teams' standings

Pos. Team No. HKG
Hong Kong		 MAR
Morocco		 BUE
Argentina		 MEX
Mexico		 MON
Monaco		 PAR
France		 BER
Germany		 NYC
United States		 MTL
Canada		 Points
1 France Renault e.Dams 8 4 4 4 5 9 5 5 8 8 6 6 Ret 268
9 1 1 1 13 1 1 DSQ 1 7 4 DSQ 11
2 Germany ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport 11 2 5 3 1 2 Ret 2 3 4 5 1 7 248
66 Ret 6 7 7 7 13† 6 4 14† Ret 4 6
3 India Mahindra Racing 19 15 3 18 16† 6 4 1 2 15 2 9 2 215
23 3 9 15 12 3 3 3 10 Ret 3 Ret 5
4 United Kingdom DS Virgin Racing 2 13 2 Ret 3 Ret 16 7 7 1 1 5 4 190
37 Ret* 10 10 6 Ret 2 4 5 Ret Ret Ret 3
5 China Techeetah 25 Ret 8 2 2 Ret Ret 8 6 2 8 2 1 156
33 Ret 15 16 10 8 12 11 14 3 12† 3 8
6 China NextEV NIO 3 11 16 5 9 4 7 12 12 11 16† 13 16 59
88 8 7 9 Ret 13† 11 10 9 6 14 15 17
7 United States Andretti Formula E 27 6 11 14 11 12 6 17 18 9 9 8 13 34
28 5 Ret 11 Ret 11 Ret 16 11 12 15 14 15
8 United States Faraday Future Dragon Racing 6 14 18 6 Ret NC 14 15 Ret 5 13† Ret 19† 33
7 7 13 8 14 Ret Ret 13 13 Ret 10 11 9
9 Monaco Venturi Formula E 4 10 12 12 15 15† 10 18 15 13 7 10 10 30
5 9 NC NC Ret 5 8 9 NC NC Ret 12 18
10 United Kingdom Jaguar 20 Ret 17 13 4 10 9 Ret 17 NC Ret 7 12 27
47 12 14 17 8 14 15 14 16 10 11 16 14
Pos. Team No. HKG
Hong Kong		 MAR
Morocco		 BUE
Argentina		 MEX
Mexico		 MON
Monaco		 PAR
France		 BER
Germany		 NYC
United States		 MTL
Canada		 Points
Source:[158]
ColourResult
GoldWinner
Silver2nd place
Bronze3rd place
GreenPoints finish
BlueNon-points finish
Non-classified finish (NC)
PurpleRetired (Ret)
RedDid not qualify (DNQ)
Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)
BlackDisqualified (DSQ)
WhiteDid not start (DNS)
Withdrew (WD)
Race cancelled (C)
Blank Did not participate (DNP)
Excluded (EX)

Bold – Pole
Italics – Fastest Lap
* – FanBoost

Notes

† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

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