''o''-Phenylenediamine

o-Phenylenediamine[1]
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Benzene-1,2-diamine
Other names
o-Phenylene diamine
1,2-Diaminobenzene
1,2-Phenylenediamine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.210
UNII
Properties
C6H8N2
Molar mass 108.14 g·mol−1
Density 1.031 g/cm3
Melting point 102 to 104 °C (216 to 219 °F; 375 to 377 K)
Boiling point 252 °C (486 °F; 525 K) Other sources: 256 to 258 °C (493 to 496 °F; 529 to 531 K)
soluble in hot water
Acidity (pKa) 0.80[2]

pka2 = 4.57 [2]

-71.98·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Oxford MSDS
Toxic (T); Dangerous for the environment (N)
NFPA 704
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oilHealth code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroformReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
2
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

o-Phenylenediamine (OPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This aromatic diamine is an important precursor to many heterocyclic compounds. It is isomeric with m-phenylenediamine and p-phenylenediamine.

Preparation

Commonly, 2-nitrochlorobenzene is treated with ammonia and the resulting 2-aminonitrobenzene is then hydrogenated:[3]

ClC6H4NO2 + 2 NH3 → H2NC6H4NO2 + NH4Cl
H2NC6H4NO2 + 3 H2 → H2NC6H4NH2 + 2 H2O

In the laboratory, the reduction of the nitroaniline is effected with zinc powder in ethanol, followed by purification of the diamine as the hydrochloride salt.[4] This compound darkens in air; impurities may be removed by treating a hot aqueous solution with sodium dithionite (reducing agent) and activated carbon, and allowing the product to cool crystallize.

Reactions and uses

o-Phenylenediamine condenses with ketones and aldehydes to give rise to a variety of useful products. Reactions with carboxylic acids and their derivatives afford benzimidazoles. The herbicide benomyl is prepared in this manner. Also, quinoxalinedione may be prepared by condensation of o-phenylenediamine with dimethyl oxalate. Condensation with xanthate esters affords mercaptoimidazoles, which are used as antioxidants in rubber products. Treatment with nitrous acid gives benzotriazole, a corrosion inhibitor. Condensation of substituted o-phenylenediamine with various diketones is used in the preparation of a variety of pharmaceuticals.[5]

In coordination chemistry, phenylenediamine is an important ligand precursor. Schiff base derivatives, such as those derived from salicylaldehyde, are excellent chelating ligands. Oxidation of its metal-phenylenediamine complexes affords the diimine derivatives, which are intensely colored and often exist in multiple stable oxidation states.[6]

Safety

With an LD50 of 44 mg/L (aquatic), o-phenylenediamine is about 1000 times less toxic than the para-isomer. Anilines are typically handled as if they are carcinogenic. For many applications, OPD has been replaced by safer alternatives such as 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine.[7]

References

  1. ↑ DuPont Specialty Intermediates: o-Phenylenediamine (OPD)
  2. 1 2 http://www.phs.d211.org/science/smithcw/AP%20Chemistry/Posted%20Tables/Acid%20Dissociations.pdf
  3. ↑ Robert A. Smiley "Phenylene- and Toluenediamines" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_405
  4. ↑ E. L. Martin (1943). "o-Phenylenediamine". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 2, p. 501
  5. ↑ See for example, Renault, J.; et al. (1981). "Heterocyclic quinones. Quinoxaline-5,6 and 5,8 diones, potential antitumoral agents". Eur. J. Med. Chem. 16: 545–550.
  6. ↑ Warren, L. F. (1977). "Synthesis of [M'-N4] and [M'-N6] Complexes Based on o-Benzoquinone Diimine with Cobalt, Iron, and Ruthenium". Inorg. Chem. 16 (11): 2814–2819. doi:10.1021/ic50177a028.
  7. ↑ Deshpande SS (1996). Enzyme Immunoassays: From Concept to Product Development. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-412-05601-7.
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