1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose

1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose
Names
IUPAC name
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,5-Tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]oxan-4-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Other names
1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose
1,2,3,4,6-Pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
beta-Penta-O-galloyl-glucose
PGG
1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.113.489
Properties
C41H32O26
Molar mass 940.68 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloylglucose is the pentagallic acid ester of glucose. It is a gallotannin and the precursor of ellagitannins.[1]

Pentagalloyl glucose can precipitate proteins,[2] including human salivary α-amylase.[3]

Natural occurrence

1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose can be found in Punica granatum (pomegranate),[4] Elaeocarpus sylvestris,[5] Rhus typhina (Staghorn sumac),[6] Paeonia suffruticosa (Tree Peony),.[7] and Mangifera indica (mango).[8]

Biosynthesis

The enzyme beta-glucogallin-tetrakisgalloylglucose O-galloyltransferase uses 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose and 1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose to produce D-glucose and pentagalloyl glucose.

Metabolism

Tellimagrandin II is formed from pentagalloyl glucose by oxidative dehydrogenation and coupling of 2 galloyl groups.

β-glucogallin: 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-d-glucose galloyltransferase is an enzyme found in the leaves of Rhus typhina that catalyzes the galloylation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose to 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (hexa-galloylglucose).[6]

Chemistry

Pentagalloyl glucose can undergo oxidation reactions which are depending on the pH.[9]

Research

Pentagalloyl glucose has been studied for its potential use as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant.[10] It has also been studied for radioprotection.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Cammann, Jessica; Denzel, Klaus; Schilling, Gerhard; Gross, Georg G. (1989). "Biosynthesis of gallotannins: β-Glucogallin-dependent formation of 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose by enzymatic galloylation of 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 273 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90161-6. PMID 2757399.
  2. ↑ Hagerman, Ann E; Rice, Mary E; Ritchard, Nicole T (1998). "Mechanisms of Protein Precipitation for Two Tannins, Pentagalloyl Glucose and Epicatechin16(4→8) Catechin (Procyanidin)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46 (7): 2590–2595. doi:10.1021/jf971097k.
  3. ↑ Gyémánt, Gyöngyi; Zajácz, Ágnes; Bécsi, Bálint; Ragunath, Chandran; Ramasubbu, Narayanan; Erdődi, Ferenc; Batta, Gyula; Kandra, Lili (2009). "Evidence for pentagalloyl glucose binding to human salivary α-amylase through aromatic amino acid residues". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1794 (2): 291–296. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.012. PMID 19038368.
  4. ↑ Tanaka, Takashi; Nonaka, Gen-Ichiro; Nishioka, Itsuo (1985). "Punicafolin, an ellagitannin from the leaves of Punica granatum". Phytochemistry. 24 (9): 2075. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83125-8.
  5. 1 2 Park, E; Lee, N. H.; Baik, J. S.; Jee, Y (2008). "Elaeocarpus sylvestris modulates gamma-ray-induced immunosuppression in mice: Implications in radioprotection". Phytotherapy Research. 22 (8): 1046–51. doi:10.1002/ptr.2430. PMID 18570220.
  6. 1 2 Niemetz, Ruth; Gross, Georg G (1998). "Gallotannin biosynthesis: Purification of β-glucogallin: 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-d-glucose galloyltransferase from sumac leavesfn1fn1In honour of Professor G. H. Neil Towers' 75th birthday". Phytochemistry. 49 (2): 327. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00014-4.
  7. ↑ Fujiwara, H; Tabuchi, M; Yamaguchi, T; Iwasaki, K; Furukawa, K; Sekiguchi, K; Ikarashi, Y; Kudo, Y; Higuchi, M; Saido, T. C.; Maeda, S; Takashima, A; Hara, M; Yaegashi, N; Kase, Y; Arai, H (2009). "A traditional medicinal herb Paeonia suffruticosa and its active constituent 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose have potent anti-aggregation effects on Alzheimer's amyloid beta proteins in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Neurochemistry. 109 (6): 1648–57. Bibcode:2006JNeur..26.9606G. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06069.x. PMID 19457098.
  8. ↑ Torres-León, Cristian; Rojas, Romeo; Aguilar, Cristóbal (2017). "Extraction of antioxidants from mango seedkernel: Optimization assisted by microwave". Food and Bioproducts Processing. 105: 188–196. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2017.07.005.
  9. ↑ Chen, Yumin; Hagerman, Ann E (2009). "Reaction pH and protein affect the oxidation products of β-pentagalloyl glucose". Free Radical Research. 39 (2): 117–124. doi:10.1080/10715760400013789. PMID 15763959.
  10. ↑ Torres-León, Cristian; Ventura, Janeth; Serna, Liliana; Contreras, Juan; Aguilar, Cristobal (2017). "Pentagalloylglucose (PGG): A valuable phenolic compound with functional properties". Journal of Functional Foods. 37: 176–189. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.045.
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