The following lists are in flux...

  1. Phrases: Greetings (hajimemasite, konnichiwa, konbanwa, ...)
  2. Phrases: Basic (gomen, onegaisimasu, ...)
  3. Grammar: Copula use (past and present tense)
    • Particles: ha, ga
  4. Suffixes: -go (language), -hito/jinn
  1. Grammar: Existance (iru/aru) (two lessons?)
    • Particles: ni, he
    • Particles: wo
  2. Grammar: Questions (~ha Q, Q-ga~)
    • Particles: ka
  3. Particles: to, ya
  4. Grammar: Subject and topic in same sentence (~ha ~ga...)
  1. Grammar: Possessive (N-no~, N-no-N)
  2. Grammar: Requesting confirmation (~desho ... maybe ne and yo, too)
    • Particles: ne, yo, wa (Merge with "Requesting confirmation"?)
  3. Grammar: Verbs (past and present tenses) (BIG MODULE)
  4. Grammar: Counting
  1. Grammar: Requests (N-wo kudasai, N-wo/V-te kudasaimasenka)
  2. Suffixes: Time (ji, funn, goro)
  3. Grammar: Suggesting activities (-mashou, -masenka)
  4. Suffixes: Time-periods (jikann, funn, kurai)
  1. Grammar: Verb te-form (-aru/-iru)
  2. Suffixes: Calendar (tugi, nichi, youbi)
  3. Phrases: Eating (itadakimasu and gochisosamadesita)
  4. Grammar: Stating wishes (N-ga hosii, V-tai)
  1. Grammar: Adjectives (i- past and present)
  2. Grammar: Adjectives (na- past and present)
  3. Grammar: Requests (V-te kudasai, V-naide kudasai)
  4. Phrases: Entering a house (gomenkudasai, situreisimasu, ... maybe ojamasimasu)
  1. Grammar: Adverbial clause (-toki) (chuu?)
  2. Grammar: Adverbial clause (-maeni, -nagara)
  3. Grammar: Adverbial clause (-atode, -ta atode)
  1. Grammar: Demonstratives (could be split into several lessons, improving vocabulary and reviewing grammar)
  2. Grammar: Interrogatives (
  3. Grammar: Interrogatives (itu, ikutu, ikura)
  4. Grammar: Interrogatives (
    • Grammar: Quantifier (nanika, daremo, ...)
      • Grammar: Change (mada and mou)

      Unallocated content:

      1. (Grammar: Stating needs (-hituyou))
      2. Grammar: Verbs (transitivity)
      3. Grammar: Verbs (conjugation for multiple actions)
      4. Grammar: interjections (~ ga(but) ~)
      5. Grammar: Becomes sth (~naru)
      6. Grammar: Because (-te, -kara)
      7. Grammar: Called (~to iu)
      8. Grammar: Equating or making (suru) ???
      9. Particles: de
      10. Particles: kara, made
      11. Particles: Combination of case markers and ha/mo
      12. Particles: kurai
      13. Particles: dake
      14. Particles: sikasi
      15. Suffixes: -chuu
      16. Suffixes: -tachi/-gata
      17. Suffixes: Counters (mai, sara, hon, ...)
      18. Suffixes: -gara (to feel)
      19. Suffixes: -gawa (side, to side)
      20. Suffixes: -sugi (too much, over)
      21. Suffixes: -zutu (apiece)
      22. Suffixes: -ya (shop)

      Still unallocated:

      • [1.8 Relative clause]
      • [6.3 Unsorted]

      Sentence Patterns/Expressions

      Phrases

      ごめんなさいExcuse me./I'm sorry.
      すみませんExcuse me.
      おねがいしますPlease.
      どうもありがとうございましたThank you very much (very polite)
      こちらこそNo, thank you! (used when responding to someone saying "Thank you!")
      いいえどういたしましてno problem at all.
      • はい - yes (formal)
      • ええ - yes (slightly less formal)
      • いいえ - no (formal)
      • うん - yeah/uh-huh (casual)
      • ううん - no/uh-uh (casual)
      • いや - no (casual, indicates displeasure)

      Entering a house

      おじゃましますI hope you don't mind me coming in.
      しつれいしましたExcuse me. (used usually while leaving a room.)
      しつれいしますExcuse me. (used usually while entering a room.)

      Eating

      いただきますthanks for this meal! (before eating)
      ごちそうさまでしたa thanks said after meals

      Greetings

      はじめましてnice to meet you. how do you do?
      どうぞよろしくpleased to meet you. please favor me with your friendship/kindness
      ではおげんきでwell then, take care.
      ではまたSee ya later.
      こんにちはHello. (daytime greeting)
      こんばんはGood evening, Hello
      さよならGoodbye
      おはよう(ございます)good morning
      おやすみ(なさい)good night
      いらっしゃいませWelcome to the store! (merchant greeting)

      Requests

      N+をくださいplease give me N
      V+てくださいplease do V. (polite request)
      V+ないでくださいplease do not do V. (polite request-neg)
      N+を/V+てくださいませんかwon't you please do

      Suggesting activities

      V+ましょう"Let's do V." volitional, polite
      V+ませんかWhy don't we do V?

      Stating wishes

      N+がほしいI want N
      V+たい"I want to V"

      Adverbial clauses

      ...ときadverbial clause, when ... , ...
      V+ながらadverbial clause, While V, ...
      V+てからadverbial clause, After/Since V, ...
      V+たあとでta instead of te, adverbial clause, After V, ...
      V+まえにadverbial clause, Before V

      Change

      まだ implies no change (or that something is still under way):

      まだ+Positivestill
      まだ+Negativenot yet

      もう implies a change has occurred (or that something has been completed):

      もう+Positivealready
      もう+Negativeno longer

      Relative clause

      [V/+Adj/+Adj-Na]+Nrelative clause modifying a noun

      Copula use

      N+だった N+ではなかった N+だ N+ではない
      N+でした N+ではありませんでした N+です N+ではありません
      N+でte-form of desu

      Existence

      N+は+Place+にある/いるexistence of an item in a place using a topic marker
      Place+に+N+がある/いるexistence of an item in a place using subject marker
      Place+に+N+が+Q+ある/いるexistence of Q items in a place using subject marker

      Pro-forms

      Demonstrative

      これ/それ/あれ/どれthis / that / that over there / which?
      この/その/あの/どのthis one / that one / that one over there / which one?
      ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこthis place / that place / that place over there/ where?
      こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (こっち/そっち/あっち/どっち)this person / that person / that person over there / who

      Interrogatives

      なに/なんwhat
      だれ/どなたwho
      いつwhen or how soon
      いくつhow many?
      いくらhow much?
      どれ/どの/どこ/どちらwhich / which one / where / who
      どう/いかがhow, in what what, how about
      どんなwhat kind of
      どのぐらい/どれぐらいhow far, how long, how much
      なぜ/どうして/なんでwhy

      Quantifier

      なにか/だれか/どこかへ/...something, someone, somewhere, etc.,
      なにも/だれも/どこへも/...nothing, no one, nowhere, etc.,

      Verbs

      The plain and polite, past and present, positive and negative.

      Past positive Past negative Present positive Present negative
      V + た V + なかった V V + ない
      V + ました V + ませんでした V + ます V + ません

      Other forms

      structureDescriptionRelevant pages
      N + が + Vit / N + を + Vtintransitive and transitive verb useJapanese/Grammar/Transitivity
      V+てverb, te-formJapanese/Grammar/Verbs/te form
      V+てあるverb, te-form "completed" stateJapanese/Grammar/Verbs/te form
      V+ているverb, te-form progressiveJapanese/Grammar/Verbs/te form/iru

      Adjectives

      Adjadjective without desu

      basic い-adjective forms

      <adjective>  ( です )*present positive
      くないpresent negative
      かったpast positive
      くなかったpast negative

      Polite with copula, plain without.

      basic な-adjective forms

      <adjective> <copula>
      な <noun>

      The copula determines tense and politeness, but is dropped for the plain present positive.

      Unsorted

      Adj + くてi-adj, te-form
      Adj + く + Vadverb
      Adj + のadj+pronoun/one/thing (e.g., white thing)
      Adj + N + でna-adj te-form
      Adj + N + に + Vn-adj adverb
      Adj + N + な + Nn-adj + noun
      Adj + N + のna-adj + pronoun

      Miscellaneous grammatical structures

      〜 + は + Qtopic particle using questions
      Q + が + 〜subject particle using WH-questions
      〜 は 〜 がusing both subject and topic particle in the same sentence
      N + の + Nnoun modifying another noun or possessive.
      N + のpossessive
      〜 が 〜〜 but 〜
      〜でしょう〜, eh? / 〜, right? (requesting confirmation)
      一つ, 二つ, ..., １０numbers
      V+ たり ... V+たりconjunction for multiple actions
      { Adj+く / Adj+N+に / N+に } なるbecomes { Adj / N }
      するequating or making, (e.g., I made A from B)
      〜というcalled this 〜
      〜てbecause 〜 / since 〜
      〜からbecause 〜 / since 〜

      Particles

      はtopic marker, contrast marker
      がsubject marker
      をdirect object marker, starting point of the action, place of the action
      にlocation marker, object marker for some verbs (e.g., to meet at), time marker, goal marker, intervals
      へdirection marker,
      とnoun conjunction "and", "together" or "with"
      や & などlist particle, but can be used to mean "and so forth" (e.g., AやBなど will mean A and B and so forth. など is optional.)
      もalso/too
      でlocation marker for action verbs, by means marker (e.g., I went to the school by bus.), cause and effect marker, totals marker
      から/までAからBまで - from A to B.
      かquestion marker
      ねsentence end marker, applies emphasis, or a quest for confirmation
      よsentence end marker, applies certainty or request
      わfeminine form of ね
      • The following particles are not covered anywhere.
      格助詞+は/もcombination of particles and は/も
      ぐらいabout/almost/approx
      だけonly / just
      しかonly or nothing but

      Suffixes

      〜中 - all/ entire / throughout (time)
      〜たち/がたmakes the attached noun plural (plain/polite)
      〜あまり〜ないnot very, negative sentences
      〜枚/冊/本...counters
      〜月/〜日/〜曜日calendar
      〜時/〜時半/〜時〜/〜分/〜時〜分前/〜ごろtime
      〜時間/〜分/〜ぐらいminutes, hours
      〜がるto feel (used with adj)
      〜がわside of something, or taking someone's side
      〜語(ご)language
      〜人(じん)person
      〜すぎtoo much, over
      〜ずつapiece
      〜屋(や)〜 shop

      Other stuff that we should work in

      Praise

      • おめでとう(ございます) - Congratulations.
      • よく出来ました。 - Good job. (You did well.)

      Please and Thank You

      • おねがいします - please (Slightly more polite)
      • どうぞ - please (Casual)
      • どうも - Thanks.
      • ありがとう - Thank you. (Casual)
        • どうもありがとう - Thank you very much. (Casual)
        • ありがとうございます - Thank you. (Polite)
        • どうもありがとうございます - Thank you very much. (Very Polite)
      • すみません - excuse me.
        • どうもすみません - Thanks a lot. (Usually when someone goes out of their way to help)
      • どういたしまして - You are welcome.
      • いいえ - Not at all/No problem.

      Getting Attention

      • すみません - Excuse me.
        • あのうすみません - Ah, excuse me ...
        • すみませんが - Excuse me, but ...
      • おい - Hey (Somewhat rude)

      Apology

      • ごめん - Sorry.
        • ごめんなさい - I am really sorry. (more formal)
        • ごめんね - Sorry (soft/fem.).
        • ごめんな - Sorry (masc.).
        • ごめんよ - Sorry (masc. or Kansai dialect).
      • すみません - I'm sorry.

      Farewells

      • しつれいします。- goodbye for use with social superiors
      • さようなら - Goodbye. (Primarily before a long absence.)
      • じゃまた　- See you later.
      • じゃ - Bye! See you soon. (Mostly used by men )
      • じゃね - Bye! See you soon.(Mostly used by women)
      • また明日　(またあした) - See you tomorrow.
      • またね　- Later.
      • また会いましょう　(またあいましょう) See you again.
      • またどうぞ　- Please come again.
      • バイバイ - Borrowed from English, Bye Bye.
      • いってきます　- I'm leaving (said when leaving the house)
      • いってらっしゃい　- Have a safe trip (response to いってきます)
      • ただいま - I'm home (said when returning home)
      • おかえりなさい - Welcome back
        • おかえり - Less formal than the above

      Finding the bathroom

      • トイレ (といれ) - Toilet
      • お手洗い (おてあらい) - Restroom (variants are 御手洗い and 手洗い)
      • 便所 (べんじょ) - Lavatory
      • 化粧室 (けしょうしつ) - Powder room
      • すみません。トイレはどこですか。 - Excuse me. Where is the bathroom?
      • すみません。お手洗(てあら)いはどちらですか。 - Excuse me. Which way is the restroom?

      Hesitation noises

      Hesitation noises, or vocal pauses, are the "uh" and "um" of a language, filler sounds we produce when we pause to think while speaking. Using the correct hesitation noises can make the difference between natural sounding Japanese, and awkward foreign sounding speech.

      They are:

      • あのう - Usually when you are about to say something.
      • ええと - When you are just thinking.
      • まぁ　 - "Well..." used for considering, reconsidering, etc...
      • さぁ　 - Another thinking sound) Used for when you're not sure of the information.
      • 何だっけ (なんだっけ) - "What's it called..." used when trying to remember something specific.
      • そうですね - Acknowledges what was previously said. More of a staller than a hesitation noise. Somewhat more formal. Also used to show you care what the speaker is saying.
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