In lessons ... through ..., you learned ....
In this lesson, you will learn about personal clitics used after noun phrases, alternative pronomial direct objects as clitics, and differences between spoken and written forms.
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Explanation
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Vocabulary
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درس 13
- ق چ
- قاشق – lepel
- بشقاب – bord
- سفره – tafelkleed
- اتاق – kamer
- دوچرخه – fiets
- چاي – thee
- پيچ – schroef
- سفت – zacht
- آوردن – brengen
- ريختن – schenken
- آچار – gereedschap
- باز – open
- بسته – dicht
- دوچرخه سواري كردن – fietsen, (werkwoord)
- قند – suikerklontje
- شيرين – zoet
- زيبا – mooi, ook een meisjesnaam
- خراب – kapot
- دانستن – weten, (werkwoord)
- امين واكرم به مادر خود كمك مي كنند – Amin en Akram helpen hun eigen moeder
- اكرم سفره و قاشق و بشقاب را به اتاق مياورد – Akram brengt het bord, de lepel en het tafelkleed naar de kamer
- مادر زيبا چاي درست كرد – De moeder van Ziba zet thee
- زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد – Ziba houdt van fietsen
- تكليف. شب. – Huiswerk
- جمله بسازيد . دوچرخه . قاشق . چاي . – Een zin maken
- فعل بسازيد . مي داند . مي آورد. ريختن - werkwoord vervoegen
Personal clitics with noun phrases
Grammar: (bound) personal enclitics after (singular or plural) noun phrase:
- After consonant: /am/, /at/, /aš/, /emân/, /etân/, /ešân/
- After و or ا, /yam/, /yat/...
- After ه or ی, singular suffixes are spelled with leading zwnj+ا.
Often expresses possession /pedaram/ ("my father"), /dust-e xubam/ ("my good friend")
alternative pronomial direct objects as enclitics
Colloquial
Differences between spoken and written forms
- written را colloquially ‹o› or ‹ro›. With possessive endings:
- کتابم را به او دادم ‹ketâbamow be u dâdam› (“I gave my book to him.”)
- کتابت را به او دادم ‹ketâbatow be u dâdam› (“I gave your book to him.”)
- کتابش را به او دادم ‹ketâbašow be u dâdam› (“I gave her book to him.”)
- کتابمان را به او دادم ‹ketâbemunow be u dâdam› (“I gave our book to him.”)
- کتابتان را به او دادم ‹ketâbetunow be u dâdam› (“I gave your book to him.”)
- کتابشان را به او دادم ‹ketâbašunow be u dâdam› (“I gave their book to him.”)
- colloquial ‹e›, ‹s› for است
- colloquial verb endings: ه ‹eh›
- written ان ‹ân› vs spoken ‹un›, but not in خانم ‹xânom›
Colloquially, when ‹â› comes before ‹a›, the latter elides:
- دست‌هایم ‹dasthâyam› (“my hands”) pronounced ‹dastâm›
- پایم ‹pâyam› (“my foot”) pronounced ‹pâm›
Notes
Next: Lesson 14 ( ۱۴ ), Light verbs
Continue to Lesson 14 ( ۱۴ ), Light verbs >>
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