< German < Grammar

German has dative, accusative, genitive and two-way prepositions and postpositions. Each preposition causes the adverbial expression on which it acts to take the case of the preposition. Two-way prepositions cause the adverbial expression to take the accusative case if the verb indicates an action or movement, and the dative case if the verb refers to something that is not changing location.

Several German prepositions
AccusativeDativeGenitivetwo-way
bisauswährendan
durchaußertrotzauf
fürbeistatt, anstatthinter
gegenmitwegenin
ohnenachinnerhalbneben
umseitaußerhalbüber
widervonjenseitsunter
zudiesseitsvor
gegenüberunweitzwischen
abentlang

Notes:

Gegenüber is one of the rare postpositions which typically follows the object it modifies.

Er stand mir gegenüber.
Mir gegenüber steht Außenminister Fischer.

However:

Gegenüber von Ihnen befindet sich das Stadtmuseum.

Nach is also sometimes used as a postposition, when its meaning is "according to". The two phrases are equivalent:

Nach dem Pfarrer sei Gott gut.
Dem Pfarrer nach sei Gott gut.

In spoken language, the genitive with prepositions is nowadays often replaced by the dative. But it is important to notice that this replacement is still just colloquial language, e.g.:

Written: Während des Essens wollen wir nicht gestört werden.
Spoken:  Während dem Essen  wollen wir nicht gestört werden.

Two way Prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen)

The case with two way prepositions should be determined with questions like wo? (where?), wann? (when?), wohin? (where does it go to?) and wie? (how?).

Two-way prepositions
PrepositionsWo? Wann?Wohin?Wie?
an, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischenDativeAccusativeDative
aufDativeAccusativeAccusative

Contractions

Some combinations of articles and prepositions are usually combined:

ContractionPrepositionArticle
ans an das
am an dem
aufs auf das
beim bei dem
durchs durch das
fürs für das
ins in das
im in dem
übers über das
ums um das
unters unter das
vom von dem
vors vor das
vorm vor dem
zum zu dem
zur zu der

In all other cases the preposition and articles have to be written separately.

Verbs with prepositions

Several verbs are used with a specific preposition and case:

VerbPrepositionCaseMeaning (English)
arbeitenandativeto work on
sich beteiligenandativeto participate in / to take part in
denkenanaccusativeto think of sth. (close to sich errinern)
erkrankenandativeto get sick with
sich erinnernanaccusativeto remember
sich gewöhnenanaccusativeto become accustomed to
glaubenanaccusativeto believe in / to have confidence in
hängenandativeto be attached to (used in passive form)
liegen (es liegt an)andativeto be due to sth. (it is due to)
sich orientierenandativeto follow someone's example
sterbenandativeto die from
teilnehmenandativeto participate in / to compete in
sich wendenanaccusativeto contact sb. / to turn to
zweifelnandativeto doubt about sb./sth. / to be dubious about sth.
sich freuenaufaccusativeto look forward to
schätzen-/aufaccusative/accusativeto estimate sb./sth. at sth. (value)
schimpfenmit/überdative/accusativeto complain to sb. about sth./sb.
sich spezialisierenaufaccusativeto specialize in sth.
stoßenaufaccusativeto come across sth. / to encounter sb./sth.
sich verlassenaufaccusativeto depend on / to rely on
verzichtenaufaccusativeto forgo / to pass sth. up
sich vorbereitenaufaccusativeto prepare oneself for
wartenaufaccusativeto wait for
antwortenaufaccusativeto answer to / to reply to
basierenaufdativeto be based on
beharrenaufdativeto insist on
beruhenaufdativeto be based on / to rely on
sich beschränkenaufaccusativeto confine oneself to / to restrict oneself to
bestehenaufdativeto insist on
eingehenaufaccusativeto mention sth. / to discuss sth. / to react to sth./sb. / to focus on sb.
einwirkenaufaccusativeto impact on sth. / to act upon sth./sb.
sich konzentrierenaufaccusativeto focus on / to concentrate on
verweisenaufaccusativeto point sth. out / to refer to sb./sth.
bestehenausdativeto consist of
folgenausdativeto result from
sich bedankenbei/fürdative/accusativeto thank sb. for sth.
sich beschwerenbei/überdative/accusativeto complain to sb. about sth.
bleibenbeidativeto adhere to sth. / to stay with sb.
ersetzen-/durchaccusative/accusativeto replace sb./sth. to sb./sth.
sich unterscheidendurchaccusativeto be distinguished by sth.
sich eignenfüraccusativeto suit sb./sth. / to be suitable for
eintretenfüraccusativeto stand up for sth.
sich entscheidenfüraccusativeto decide upon sb./sth. / to opt for sth.
sich entschuldigenbeidativeto apologize to sb.
geltenalsaccusativeto be considered as
halten-/füraccusative/accusativeto take sb./sth. for sb./sth.
sich interessierenfüraccusativeto be interested in
sorgenfüraccusativeto take care of / to care for
sprechenfüraccusativeto speak on behalf of
protestierengegen/füraccusativeto protest against/for
stimmengegen/füraccusativeto vote against/for
verstoßengegenaccusativeto transgress / to violate
sich wehrengegenaccusativeto fight / to defend oneself against
gerateninaccusativeto stumble into sth.
einwilligeninaccusativeto consent
sich teileninaccusativeto divide in / to split up in / to share
sich verliebeninaccusativeto fall in love with / to become fond of
sich irrenindativeto be mistaken about
sich täuschenindativeto be wrong about
sich übenindativeto practice sth.
unterrichtenindativeto teach sb./sth.
sich unterscheidenindativeto differ in sth.
beginnenmitdativeto begin with
anfangenmitdativeto begin with
aufhörenmitdativeto stop
sich befassenmitdativeto deal with
sich begnügenmitdativeto be content with
sich beschäftigenmitdativeto busy oneself with / to be concerned with
handelnmitdativeto deal in sth. / to deal with sb.
rechnenmitdativeto calculate / to reckon on sth.
übereinstimmenmitdativeto be consistent with sth. / to comply with sth.
vergleichenmitdativeto compare with
versorgenmitdativeto supply with sth.
zusammenhängenmitdativeto be related to sth.
zusammenstoßenmitdativeto bump into sb.
sich erkundigennachdativeto enquire about
fragennachdativeto ask about
sich richtennachdativeto go by sb./sth. / to comply with sth.
riechennachdativeto smell of
schmeckennachdativeto taste / to savour of
sich sehnennachdativeto yearn about / to long for sb./sth.
suchennachdativeto search for
sich bemühenumaccusativeto strive for / to care about
beneidenumaccusativeto envy sb.
bittenumaccusativeto ask about / to beg for
sich handeln (es handelt sich)umaccusativeit is about
sich kümmernumaccusativeto look after
trauernumaccusativeto be sad about sth. / to grieve about sth.
sich aufregenüberaccusativeto be excited about sth.
sich ärgernüberaccusativeto be angry about
sich beklagenüberaccusativeto complain about
berichtenüberaccusativeto report on/about
diskutierenüberaccusativeto discuss sth. (e.g. discuss pros and cons)
entscheidenüberaccusativeto decide on sth.
erschreckenüberaccusativeto be frightened of
sich freuenüberaccusativeto be pleased with / to be happy about
klagenüberaccusativecomplain about sth.
lachenüberaccusativeto laugh about
nachdenkenüberaccusativeto reflect on sth. / to think about sth.
schimpfenmit/überaccusativeto scold sb. / to complain about sth.
sich unterhaltenmit/überdative/accusativeto converse with sb. about sth.
verfügenüberaccusativeto have sth. at one's disposal / to have sth. available
verhandelnmit/überdative/accusativeto negotiate with sb. about sth.
sich wundernüberaccusativeto wonder at / to be astonished about
hängenvondativeto depend on
absehenvondativeto refrain from / to abstain from
ausgehenvondativeto come from / to expect
profitierenvondativeto profit from / to benefit from
schwärmenvondativeto enthuse about / to have a passion for
träumenvondativeto dream of
sich trennenvondativeto separate from sb./sth.
sich verabschiedenvondativeto bid farewell to sb.
fliehen/flüchtenvordativeto escape from / to flee from
sich fürchtenvordativeto be afraid of
schützenvordativeto protect from
warnenvordativeto warn about
beitragenzudativeto contribute to / to add sth. to
sich eignenzudativeto qualify for
sich entschließenzudativeto decide to
führenzudativeto result in
gehörenzudativeto belong to
gratulierenzudativeto congratulate on sth.
neigenzudativeto tend to / to be prone to
überreden-/zuaccusative/dativeto talk sb. into sth. / to convince sb. to
zählenzudativeto belong to
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