Calculus/Integration techniques/Numerical Approximations

It is often the case, when evaluating definite integrals, that an antiderivative for the integrand cannot be found, or is extremely difficult to find. In some instances, a numerical approximation to the value of the definite value will suffice. The following techniques can be used, and are listed in rough order of ascending complexity.

Riemann Sum

This comes from the definition of an integral. If we pick n to be finite, then we have:

$\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i}^{*})\Delta x$

where $x_{i}^{*}$ is any point in the i-th sub-interval $[x_{i-1},x_{i}]$ on $[a,b]$ .

Right Rectangle

A special case of the Riemann sum, where we let $x_{i}^{*}=x_{i}$ , in other words the point on the far right-side of each sub-interval on, $[a,b]$ . Again if we pick n to be finite, then we have:

$\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i})\Delta x$

Left Rectangle

Another special case of the Riemann sum, this time we let $x_{i}^{*}=x_{i-1}$ , which is the point on the far left side of each sub-interval on $[a,b]$ . As always, this is an approximation when $n$ is finite. Thus, we have:

$\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i-1})\Delta x$

Trapezoidal Rule

$\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx {\frac {b-a}{2n}}\left[f(x_{0})+2\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}{\bigl (}f(x_{i}){\bigr )}+f(x_{n})\right]={\frac {b-a}{2n}}{\bigg (}{f(x_{0})+2f(x_{1})+2f(x_{2})+\cdots +2f(x_{n-1})+f(x_{n})}{\bigg )}$

Simpson's Rule

Remember, n must be even,

$\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x)dx$	$\approx {\frac {b-a}{6n}}\left[f(x_{0})+\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}\left((3-(-1)^{i})f(x_{i})\right)+f(x_{n})\right]$
	$={\frac {b-a}{6n}}{\bigg [}f(x_{0})+4f{\bigl (}{\tfrac {x_{1}}{2}}{\bigr )}+2f(x_{1})+4f{\bigl (}{\tfrac {x_{3}}{2}}{\bigr )}+\cdots +4f{\bigl (}{\tfrac {x_{n-1}}{2}}{\bigr )}+f(x_{n}){\bigg ]}$

Riemann Sum

Right Rectangle

Left Rectangle

Trapezoidal Rule

Simpson's Rule

Further reading